Mountains of the Altai region presentation. The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "geography"

21.10.2019 Jurisprudence

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Main characteristics

Region of the Russian Federation: Altai Republic Component objects: Katunsky Biosphere Reserve, Altai Nature Reserve, natural parks “Mount Belukha” and “Quiet Zone “Ukok Plateau”” Location: in the south-east of Western Siberia in the Altai Mountains Natural conditions: highlands Altitude: 434-4280 m Area: 1.64 million hectares Status: included in the World Heritage List in 1998. The nature of this territory, located in the Altai Mountains at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia, is distinguished by its striking originality. There are few places in the world with such contrasting combinations of different landscapes in such a small space.

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The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and in many ways unique. In the basin of Lake Teletskoye, Altai cedar forests are still preserved - forests of Siberian cedar pine, providing shelter and food for numerous representatives of the animal world. Here are the most significant subalpine and alpine meadows in the Siberian mountains. The color of the vegetation of the Southern Altai is also unique, where semi-deserts, steppes and tundra closely coexist.

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The diversity of landscapes contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemic species in Altai, often occupying very small areas. About 60 species of mammals, 11 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 20 species of fish live here. Among the rare species of mammals, the snow leopard or snow leopard should be especially highlighted - this is one of the most beautiful cats of the world fauna. Very few of these animals have survived in Altai.

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The geological history of the region is unique, “recorded” in the rocks of different ages composing it and clearly captured in the unusual forms of relief. Such, for example, are the high terraces of the Katun, striking in their grandeur. The grandiose Mount Belukha, the highest peak of Siberia (4506 m above sea level), crowned with glaciers and snowfields, rises almost 1000 m above the nearby ridges.

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The valleys of the Altai rivers, primarily the Katun and Chulyshman, are deep narrow canyons. The Chulyshman Valley is picturesque, decorated with numerous waterfalls of its side tributaries. The true pearl of Altai is Lake Teletskoye. It is called Little Baikal because pure water, majestic mountain frames and rich wildlife.

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The exceptional diversity of nature left its mark on the culture and religion of the indigenous population of this territory - the Altai. The achievements of the Altai traditional medicine. As N.K. wrote Roerich, “many peoples passed through Altai and left traces: Scythians, Huns, Turks.” Outstanding scientists call the Altai Mountains an open-air “museum”.

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Famous nature reserves

Altai Nature Reserve (area 881.2 thousand hectares, created in 1932) Here you can see a wide variety of landscapes - from steppes and taiga to mountain tundras and glaciers, 1.5 thousand species of higher plants are noted here, of which 250 are Altai -Sayan endemics, 120 species are recognized as relics of Paleogene-Neogene and Quaternary times, and 24 species are listed in the Red Book of the Altai Republic. On the northwestern edge of the reserve, surrounded by high rocks, at an altitude of 434 m, lies the picturesque Teletskoye Lake - the largest body of water in the region (40 km3), which among Siberian lakes in terms of fresh water reserves is second only to Baikal (it is often called “ Altai Baikal"). The lake fills a narrow (no more than 5 km) and oblong (78 km) tectonic depression, its area is 22.4 thousand hectares, and its depth is up to 325 m. On its eastern shores (included in the reserve) the unique Pritelets taiga grows, which They are even called the “Siberian jungle”: here fir, cedar and aspen, and often spruce and birch grow in the midst of lush herbaceous vegetation, and cedars can be up to 600 years old. It is known that Russian people first came to the shores of the lake in 1633, and since the Altai Teles tribe lived here in those days, the Cossack pioneers called the reservoir Teleskoe. Here, along the border of the reserve, flows such a picturesque river as Chulyshman, which is very popular among tourists.

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The water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye (93.7 thousand hectares), also known as the buffer zone of the reserve, preserves the unique taiga near Teletskoye on the western shore of the lake.

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Katunsky Biosphere Reserve (151.6 thousand hectares, 1991). Here you can see areas of mountain taiga, alpine meadows, mountain steppes, and high-mountain tundra, but the predominant landscape is the glacial landscape, because almost 50% of the area of these high mountains is the kingdom of ice, snow, rocks and rocky placers, and only 14% is occupied by taiga. Here, on the Katunsky Ridge, immediately west of Mount Belukha, dozens of mountain glaciers are concentrated, this is the largest center of modern glaciation in Altai. One of these glaciers - Katunsky, on the southern slopes of Belukha - gives life to a river with the same name, and thus the Katun glacial waters eventually replenish the great Ob. In its upper reaches, the Katun, framed by high terraces, flows in a deeply incised channel with many rapids, which attracts a lot of water sportsmen and rock climbers. Here you can admire the picturesque cascade of mountain glacial lakes with clear emerald water - Multinsky, located at an altitude of about 2 km.

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Ukok quiet zone, with the regime of a faunal reserve (252.9 thousand hectares, 1994). This wild high-mountain plateau, stretching at altitudes of 2000–3000 m, is unique in that here semi-deserts and dry steppes turn directly into mountain meadows and tundras, i.e. local nature “does by” without the forest belt. This is the most interesting part of the object World Heritage from a historical and cultural point of view: rock paintings made by primitive artists and ancient burials lined with mossy stones were discovered here. The unique fauna of this heritage site deserves special mention: it was not without reason that it was included in the UNESCO List precisely according to criterion iv (biodiversity and the presence of rare species). Among approximately 70 species of mammals - Snow Leopard(irbis) and Argali mountain sheep, listed in the International Red Book. This is the wild manul cat, an “inhabitant” of the Russian Red Book. There are also over 300 species of birds, including such rare birds as the Altai snowcock, black stork, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, bearded vulture, eagles (white-tailed and long-tailed), saker falcon, imperial eagle, osprey. Among the 20 species of fish are grayling, taimen, lenok, and osman.

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Altai - golden mountains. Altai is the highest mountains in Siberia. The highest peak of Belukha, its height is 4506 m

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Altai is a large mountainous region located in the central part of the country. In the north and northwest it borders on the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair Ridge, Mountain Shoria and the West Siberian Plain. In the east, Altai adjoins the Western Sayan and Tuva. The pattern of Altai mountain structures has the shape of a fan, turned to the west and northwest. Altai is divided into Central, Northwestern, Northeastern and Eastern.

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1. Before Paleozoic era and at its beginning, in place of the entire mountainous country in question there was a vast sea.

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2. By the end of the Paleozoic, a high folded mountainous country formed on the site of modern Altai. Hercynian folding

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3. Throughout Mesozoic era(several tens of millions of years) The Altai mountainous country was continuously destroyed by external forces and turned into an undulating plain.

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4. B Cenozoic era, when all the main features of the modern relief were formed, including mountain systems (the Himalayas, the Caucasus), the earth's crust in the place of Altai was broken by faults into numerous blocks. Some blocks began to rise, forming mountain ranges, others sank, forming wide valleys and basins. When faults formed, molten rocks rose along them, and when they slowly solidified, metal ores were released.

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5. Subsequently, the blocks of mountains were cut by flowing waters and glaciers. In transforming the relief into ice ages The leading role belonged to glaciers, during interglacial periods and at present - to flowing waters.

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The main watershed ridges of Altai are composed in most cases of granites, granite gneisses, micaceous schists and crystalline limestones

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The muddy water rushes down the narrow rocky riverbed with a terrible roar and great speed, carrying with it everything that gets in its way. The water breaks huge trees like thin sticks, crumbles them, carries them down.

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Large boulders that are beyond the strength of dozens of people, the water easily rolls along the bottom of the riverbed.

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Rivers from gorges often end in waterfalls and cascading waterfalls. Cutting through mountain ranges, water encounters rocks of varying strength along its path, forming waterfalls, as a result of which the river bed acquires a stepped character. There are countless waterfalls in Altai.

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Lake Teletskoye is located at an altitude of 436 m, in a narrow depression 77 km long and 1-6 km wide. Its greatest depth is 325 m. This gives grounds to consider the lake the second deepest after Baikal. Depending on the influx of river water, the lake level changes, falling in winter and rising in summer.

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The flora of Altai consists of 1840 species. It includes alpine, forest and steppe forms. There are 212 known endemic species, accounting for 11.5%. In the northwestern and northern foothills, the plain steppes turn into mountain steppes and forest-steppes. The mountain slopes are dominated by a forest belt, which on the highest ridges gives way to belts of subalpine and alpine meadows and mountain tundra, above which there are glaciers on many high peaks.

In 1998, by decision of UNESCO, this territory at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia was declared a World Heritage Site.

The Altai State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the buffer zone of Lake Teletskoye, the Katunsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, the Ukok Quiet Zone natural park and the Belukha natural park are located in this region. The total area of the protected territory is 1.64 million hectares.

Landscapes, flora and fauna of Altai

The geological history of the region, represented by rocks from different periods of the Earth's formation, is reflected in unusual forms relief of these places.

These are the high terraces of the Katun, striking in their grandeur, and the highest peak of Siberia, Belukha (4506 m above sea level), crowned with glaciers and snowfields, and the deep narrow canyons of the Altai rivers.

There are few places in the world with such contrasting combinations of different landscapes in such a small space. All are presented here natural areas Central Asia: deserts, steppes, forest-steppes, mixed forests, mountain dark coniferous taiga, subalpine and alpine meadows. On the territory of the Ukok Plateau, a tundra-steppe landscape with rare plants and mosses has formed, many of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The unique fauna of Altai deserves special attention: 70 species of mammals, over 300 species of birds, including such rare birds as the Altai snowcock, black stork, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, bearded vulture, eagles (white-tailed and long-tailed), saker falcon, imperial eagle, osprey. Among the 20 species of fish are grayling, taimen, lenok, and osman.

The diverse landscape of the “Golden Mountains of Altai” contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemics (plants and animals distributed only in certain areas). Among the rare mammals are the irbis, or snow leopard, and the Altai argali mountain sheep.

Teletskoye Lake is also unique - the largest lake in Altai and one of the largest lakes in Russia, it is called younger brother Baikal. The maximum depth of the lake is about 330 m, more than 70 rivers and streams flow into it, and only one river flows out - the Biya. According to an old legend, in ancient times there was a famine in Altai. One Altai man who had a large gold bar wanted to exchange it for food, but, having walked all over Altai, he was unable to buy anything. Frustrated and hungry, the “rich” poor man threw his ingot into the lake and died in its waves. Since then, in the Altai language the lake is called Altyn-Kol - “Golden Lake”.

History of Altai

Not only the nature is interesting, but also the history of these places. It is believed that the first settlements appeared here almost a million years ago. Archaeologists have studied the Katun River valley best. Monuments from all eras have been discovered here - from Paleolithic sites ancient man to the ethnographic burials of the Altaians, and the Scythians who lived here left behind stone pillars of menhirs, numerous petroglyphs, jewelry and weapons.

In 1993, on the Ukok plateau, located at an altitude of about 3 km above sea level and long considered a sacred territory, the mummy of a girl called the “Altai Princess” was found. In the burial chamber they found six horses with saddles and harnesses, as well as a wooden larch block nailed with bronze nails. According to Chinese mythology, such horses were called qilin (heavenly) and were supposed to lift a person to transcendental heights. The burial was in an ice lens, so it was well preserved.

In August 2014, the Council of Elders of the Altai Republic decided to bury the mummy. Many residents of the republic considered its extraction from the mound to be the reason natural Disasters that hit Gorny Altai in last years, including severe flooding. Currently, the remains of the “princess” are located in a special climate-controlled sarcophagus in the National Republican Museum named after A.V. Anokhina. The decision has not yet been implemented, since the study of the mummy is of great interest to science.

The uniqueness of Altai in geological, geographical, and cultural terms forces scientists from all over the world to seek expansion of the protected area. In the near future, the World natural heritage UNESCO "Golden Mountains of Altai" can become international, expanding to neighboring countries - China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan.

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Altai Mountains

Altai Mountains - represent complex system the highest ranges in Siberia, separated by deep river valleys and vast intramountain and intermountain basins.

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Location.

The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan meet. It is divided into Southern Altai (Southwestern), Southeastern Altai and Eastern Altai, Central Altai, Northern and Northeastern Altai, Northwestern Altai.

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Origin of name.

The origin of the name “Altai” is associated with the Turkic-Mongolian word “altyn”, meaning “gold”, “golden”.

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There are three main types of relief in Altai: the surface of residual ancient peneplain, alpine-type glacial high-mountain relief and mid-mountain relief.

The alpine relief in Altai rises above the surface of the ancient peneplain and occupies higher sections of the Katunsky, Chuisky, Kuraisky, Sailyugem, Chikhachev, Shapshalsky, Southern Altai, Sarymsakty ridges. Alpine terrain is less widespread than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ridges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering.

The ancient peneplain is a high mountain range with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion.

The mid-mountain relief has heights from 800 to 1800-2000 m and occupies more than half of the territory of Altai. The upper limit of the distribution of mid-mountain relief is limited by the plane of the ancient peneplain, but this boundary is not sharp. The relief here is characterized by smooth, rounded shapes of low ridges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.

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In the highlands there are also plateaus. The Ulagan Plateau is a high-mountain plain with a wavy, slightly indented surface. The Ukok Plateau and the Chulyshman Plateau have a more dissected relief, formed as a result of glacial and partially erosional processes.

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Altai caves.

There are about 300 caves in Altai: there are many of them in the Charysh, Anui, and Katun basins. One of the interesting caves is Bolshaya Pryamukhinskaya, 320 m long. It is located on the right bank of the Pryamukha spring, the left tributary of the Yarovka, which flows into the Inya. The entrance to the cave is through a shaft 40 m deep. The longest cave in Altai is Muzeynaya, more than 700 m, located near the village of Karakol, on the right bank of the Karakol, the left tributary of the Anui. The cave has two entrances through wells 17-20 m deep. In the Museum Cave there are various sinter forms - stalactites and stalagmites.

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The Altai mountains are gradually being destroyed by the forces of nature: heat and frost, snow and rain, wind and flowing waters crush and carry away the upper layers, exposing dense crystalline rocks - granites, porphyries, marble. The rocky peaks are cracking into huge, jumbled pieces. Scree consisting of small fragmentary material descends along the slopes of the mountains.

Mountains of Southern Siberia

Altai Mountains The Altai Mountains represent a complex system of the highest ridges in Siberia, separated by deep river valleys and vast intramountain and intermountain basins.

Scheme of altitudinal zones

Location Altai is a mountain system in Asia, in southern Siberia and Central Asia, on the territory of Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China. It stretches in latitude from 81 to 106 east longitude, in longitude from 42 to 52 north latitude. It extends from northwest to southeast for more than 2000 km. It consists of high-mountain and mid-mountain ridges and intermountain basins separating them. Orographically, the Gobi Altai, Mongolian Altai and Russian Altai are distinguished.

The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan meet. It is divided into Southern Altai (Southwestern), Southeastern Altai and Eastern Altai, Central Altai, Northern and Northeastern Altai, Northwestern Altai.

Location..

The origin of the name “Altai” is associated with the Turkic-Mongolian word “altyn”, meaning “gold”, “golden”.

origin of name

ALTAI AS A REGION

IN THE NORTH AND NORTHWEST IT IS BORDERED by the West Siberian Plain, in the northeast by the Western Sayan Mountains and the mountains of Southern Tuva, in the east by the Valley of the Great Lakes, and in the southeast by the GOBI Desert.

Samakha steppe

Boskaus River.

Chui steppe.

Katun

Altai mountain system

There are three main types of relief in Altai:

The alpine relief in Altai rises above the surface of the ancient peneplain and occupies higher sections of the Katunsky, Chuisky, Kuraisky, Sailyugem, Chikhachev, Shapshalsky, Southern Altai, Sarymsakty ridges. Alpine terrain is less widespread than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ridges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering.

The ancient peneplain is a high mountain range with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion.

surface of residual ancient peneplain, alpine-type glacial high-mountain relief and mid-mountain relief.

In the highlands there are also plateaus. The Ulagan Plateau is a high-mountain plain with a wavy, slightly indented surface. The Ukok Plateau and the Chulyshman Plateau have a more dissected relief, formed as a result of glacial and partially erosional processes.

Altai caves.

There are about 300 caves in Altai: there are many of them in the Charysh, Anui, and Katun basins. One of the interesting caves is Bolshaya Pryamukhinskaya, 320 m long. It is located on the right bank of the Pryamukha spring, the left tributary of the Yarovka, which flows into the Inya. The entrance to the cave is through a shaft 40 m deep. The longest cave in Altai is Muzeynaya, more than 700 m, located near the village of Karakol, on the right bank of the Karakol, the left tributary of the Anui. The cave has two entrances through wells 17-20 m deep. In the Museum Cave there are various sinter forms - stalactites and stalagmites.

Minerals

The main wealth of the subsoil of Altai consists of deposits of precious metals and pyrite lead-zinc-copper-barite ores. In the Altai Mountains there are deposits of mercury, gold, iron, tungsten-molybdenum ores. Deposits of ornamental stones and marble have long been known. There are thermal mineral springs: Abakansky Arzhan, Belokurikha and others.

MINERALS

MINERALS

MARBLE JASPER MALACHITE, AZURITE, COPPER ORE CLIMATE

The climate is continental in the foothills, sharply continental in the interior and eastern parts, which is determined by the location in temperate latitudes and a significant distance from the oceans. Winter is harsh and long (from 5 months in the foothills to 10 months in the highlands), which is facilitated by the influence of the Asian anticyclone. Summer is relatively short but warm (up to 4 months). Precipitation is mainly associated with moisture-carrying flows from the west and is distributed extremely unevenly over the territory and over the seasons.

The Altai mountains are gradually being destroyed by the forces of nature: heat and frost, snow and rain, wind and flowing waters crush and carry away the upper layers, exposing dense crystalline rocks - granites, porphyries, marble. The rocky peaks are cracking into huge, jumbled pieces. Scree consisting of small fragmentary material descends along the slopes of the mountains.

Water resources

The river network in Altai is well developed.
The largest rivers originate here
Western Siberia - Ob, Irtysh.
And a whole series of their tributaries -
Katun, Biya, Tom, Bukhtarma.

Water resources

Mount Sinyukha

The majestic peak of Mount Sinyuhi rises to a height of more than a thousand meters in the vicinity of the village of Kolyvan. These places have long attracted travelers.
Mount Sinyukha has long been considered a place of pilgrimage. On the top and slopes of the mountain there are several natural granite bowls filled with what many believe to be holy water.

Mount Great Monastery

Mount Big Monastery Located in the Charysh valley near the village of Ust-Pustynka, Altai Territory). The rock-remnant is about 100 m high, reminiscent of the building of an ancient monastery, composed of white, gray and pink limestone. The pastel palette gives the Great Monastery a particularly romantic look. More than 10 caves are known in the mountain.

Belukha

Belukha - the queen of Altai - cannot leave anyone indifferent; she is so beautiful, majestic and graceful that she evokes a storm of feelings and emotions in anyone.

This mountain has many names. The Russians dubbed the mountain Belukha for its abundance of snow cover. The Altaians called it “Kadym-Bazha” or “Katyn-Bash”, that is, “the peak, the sources of the Katun”, and “Ak-Su-Ryu” - “White Water”. The Kirghiz of Southern Altai called it “Muss-Du-Tau” - “Ice Mountain”.

Diversity of fauna Variety of flora Economic significance