Political activity

Leninism and political views

Emigration

Later years

Martov opposed the conclusion of a peace treaty between Russia and Germany. In May he was a delegate to the All-Russian Conference of Mensheviks. On June 14, he was expelled from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee along with a number of other Mensheviks on charges of promoting counter-revolution, supporting the White Czechs, participating in anti-Soviet governments formed in the east of the country, and organizing uprisings against Soviet power. At the end of the year, he nevertheless came to the conclusion that it was necessary to accept “the Soviet system as a fact of reality,” still demanding its democratization. He was one of the authors of the Menshevik RSDLP platform “What to do?”, which demanded that the Soviet government democratize the political system, refuse to nationalize a significant part of industry, and change agricultural and food policies. C member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, c - deputy of the Moscow Council. In the summer of the year he was elected a full member of the Socialist Academy, and in the city he edited the collection “Defense of the Revolution and Social Democracy.” In September, being mortally ill with tuberculosis, he emigrated. In Germany, he was joined by F.I. Dan, exiled from Russia, and their work continued in the Foreign Bureau of the Menshevik Central Committee. Immediately after arriving in Berlin, Martov, with the consent of the Party Central Committee, founded the journal “Socialist Messenger”, and his articles were regularly published on the pages of this magazine. A total of 45 of his articles and notes were published, in which he tried to understand and explain Bolshevism, in which he saw “consumer communism.” Subsequently, the Socialist Messenger became the central organ of the party ( Chief Editor Solomon Schwartz), largely determined the political line of the Menshevik Central Committee. An emigrant party center of the RSDLP, called the Foreign Delegation, was formed around the magazine.

Yuliy Osipovich died in one of the Black Forest sanatoriums on April 4. After his death, he was cremated and buried in the presence of M. Gorky in Berlin.

Essays

• Martov L. World Bolshevism / Preface. F. Dana / / L. Martov. - Berlin: Iskra, 1923. - 110 p.
• Martov Yu. O. Letters 1916-1922 / Ed. - comp. Yu. G. Felshtinsky. - Benson: Chalidze Publications, 1990. - 328 p.
• Martov Yu. O. Favorites / Yu. O. Martov. - M., 2000. - 672 p.

Literature

• Martov and his loved ones: Sat. / Prepare for publication G. Ya. Aronson, L. O. Dan, B. L. Dvinov, B. M. Sapir. - New York, 1959. - 170 p.
• Getzler J. Martov: a political biography of a Russian social democrat. - Cambridge, Cambridge U.P.; Melbourne, Melbourne U.P., 1967. - 246 p.
• Urilov I. Kh. Yu. O. Martov: historian and politician / I. Kh. Urilov. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 471 p.
• Saveliev P. Yu. L. Martov in the Soviet historical literature/ P. Yu. Savelyev // National history. - 1993. - No. 1. - P.94 - 111.
• Kazarova N. A. Yu. O. Martov. Touches to a political portrait / N. A. Kazarova. - Rostov-on-Don: RGPU, 1998. - 168 p.
• Liebich A. Martov’s Last Testament // Revolutionary Russia. - 1999. - Vol.12. - No. 2. - P.1 - 18.
• Olkhovsky E. R. Yu. O. Martov and the Tsederbaum family / E. R. Olkhovsky // St. Petersburg Historical School: Almanac: In Memory of V. A. Ezhov. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - P.132 - 152.
• From the archives of the Zederbaum family / Comp. V. L. Telitsyn, Yu. Ya. Yakhnina, G. G. Zhivotovsky. - M.: Sobranie, 2008. - 463 p.

Links

• .rar Yu. O. Martov World Bolshevism “Iskra”, Berlin, 1923]
• Trotsky L. Martov

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See what “L. Martov” is in other dictionaries:

Martov, Yuliy Osipovich L. Martov Yu. O. Tsederbaum (L. Martov) Date of birth: November 24, 1873 (1873 11 24) ... Wikipedia

MARTOV L. (Tsederbaum Yuliy Osipovich) (1873 1923), Russian leader of the Russian revolutionary movement. In 1895, a member of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” Since 1900, member of the Iskra editorial board. Since 1903 one of the leaders of the Mensheviks.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Martov is a Russian surname and pseudonym. Martov, Earl (1871 to 1911) Russian symbolist poet. Martov, Yuliy Osipovich (1873 1923) Russian political figure, publicist, participant in the revolutionary movement, founder of Menshevism ... Wikipedia

One of the leaders of Menshevism, the ideologist of Russian social democracy, Menshevism.

The son of an employee, a hereditary honorary citizen. In 1891 he entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.

In 1892 he became the leader of the Social Democratic circle (St. Petersburg group “Emancipation of Labor”). Arrested, in 1893 exiled to Vilna under public police supervision.

In 1895 he returned to St. Petersburg and, together with V. Lenin and others, created the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” (1895).

In January 1896 he was arrested and in February 1897 he was exiled to Turukhansk for 3 years. He fought against economism and supported the protest of 17 Social Democrats against the Credo of E. Kuskova.

One of the initiators of the creation of the Iskra newspaper. Since 1901, abroad - in Munich, London, Geneva, etc. Member of the editorial board of Iskra, leader of the “soft Iskraists”. Participated in the preparation of the RSDLP program.

In December 1917-1920. - the de facto leader of the Social Democrats in Russia. Member of the editorial boards of Rabochaya Gazeta and the newspaper Always Forward. In January 1918 he was elected to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

On June 14, 1918, he was expelled from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Petrograd Soviet along with other Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries. Criticizing " War Communism" and the Red Terror , considered the Soviet regime a “fact of reality” that needed to be democratized.

Delegate to the VII and VIII Congresses of Soviets, 1919-1920. - Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Moscow Soviet. In 1919 he was elected to the Socialist Academy.

Martov’s theses “World so-ci-al-naya re-vo-lu-tion and for-da-chi so-ci-al-de-mo-kra-tii” in April 1920 formed the basis platforms of the RSDLP(o).

In September 1920 he left for Germany, remaining a Soviet citizen. In Berlin, he headed the foreign delegation of the RSDLP and founded the journal Socialist Messenger (1921).

At the NSDPG congress in November 1920, he sharply criticized Bolshevism, but called for defending the Russian Revolution from intervention and restoration. He regarded Bolshevism as a result of the influence of petty-bourgeois elements and the militarization of wartime on the working class. One of the founders of the Vienna International (1921-1923). One of the organizers of the campaign against the Socialist Revolutionary trial in 1922.

Essays:

Notes of a Social Democrat. M., 1924;

The development of large industry and the labor movement in Russia. Pg., M., 1923;

Essays on international socialism and the labor movement (1907-1913). M., Leningrad, 1926;

Favorites. M., 2000.

Historical sources:

From ar-hi-va family Tse-der-ba-um. M., 2008;

Men-she-vi-ki in 1917. M., 1994-1997. T. 1-3;

Men-she-vi-ki: Do-ku-men-you and ma-te-ria-ly, 1903-1917. M., 1996;

Letters from Yu. O. Mar-to-va. 1916-1922. Benson, 1990;

1917: frequent evidence about the revolution in letters from Lu-na-char-skogo and Mar-to-va. M., 2005;

Yu.O. Martov and A.N. Po-tre-sov. Letter. 1898-1913. M., 2007.

MARTOV L.(pseudonym, real name - Julius Osipovich Tsederbaum; 1873, Istanbul - 1923, Berlin), Russian revolutionary and publicist.

Grandson of A. Tsederbaum, a famous Jewish publicist, founder of the Hebrew newspaper “Ha-Melits”. Martov’s father served for many years as a representative of Russian trading and shipping companies in the countries of the Middle East (in Russia since 1877).

Martov began his revolutionary activities during his student years at St. Petersburg University (1891). In 1892 he was arrested for participating in a revolutionary circle and exiled to Vilna (see Vilnius), where in 1893–95. conducted social democratic propaganda among Jewish workers. His speech at a meeting of Jewish workers in Vilna, published in 1895 under the title "A Turning Point in the History of the Jewish Labor Movement", stimulated the creation of the Jewish Social Democratic organization Bund. In October 1895, he returned to St. Petersburg, joined the Russian Social Democratic movement and soon became, along with G. Plekhanov and V. Lenin, one of its leaders. In January 1896, Martov, as one of the founders and leaders (together with V. Lenin and others) of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, which organized a number of large strikes in the factories of the capital, was again arrested and sentenced to three years of exile in Turukhansk, Yenisei province . In 1900, Martov participated in the Pskov meeting (with V. Lenin, A. Potresov and others), which decided to publish abroad the all-Russian Social Democratic newspaper Iskra. In 1900–1903 Martov in Germany, where he was one of three (with G. Plekhanov and V. Lenin), and then (until 1905 in Switzerland) one of two (with G. Plekhanov) editors of Iskra, as well as editor of the social democratic magazine "Zarya".

Until 1903, Martov was personally and ideologically close to Lenin, actively participated in his fight against “economism” and other unorthodox (“revisionist”) trends in Russian Social Democracy, and supported his plan to create the RSDLP. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), Martov, however, resolutely opposed Lenin’s idea of ​​a “party of a new type” - a strictly clandestine, narrow organization of professional revolutionary conspirators, subject to iron discipline and unquestioningly following the instructions of the leadership. The resulting complete break between them actually turned Martov into the leader of an alternative movement to Lenin in Russian Social Democracy - Menshevism, who defended democratic principles party activities and the struggle for socialism. In 1905–1907 Martov was a direct participant in revolutionary events in Russia, a member of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies and editor of Social Democratic press organs.

In 1907–17, again in exile, Martov was the founder and editor of the influential newspaper “Voice of the Social Democrat” (Paris); the initiator of the so-called August Bloc (1912), which united all Russian emigrant social democratic organizations and groups that were in opposition to Bolshevism headed by V. Lenin; V. Lenin's main opponent at the Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916) conferences, which rejected the Bolshevik plan to turn the European pacifist movement (of which Martov was one of the central figures during the First World War) into an instrument for unleashing a civil war and a split in the 2nd International. Returning to Russia in May 1917, Martov refused to cooperate with the government of A. Kerensky and led a group of Menshevik-internationalists who demanded (together with the Bolsheviks and contrary to the defensist position of the majority of his party colleagues) Russia’s withdrawal from the war and called for the creation of a Popular Front government in composed of representatives of all democratic forces in the country. Martov strongly condemned the desire of the organizers of the coup in October 1917 to establish a one-party Bolshevik dictatorship in Russia and, together with R. Abramovich, unsuccessfully called for the creation of a united socialist coalition by including representatives of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries in the Soviet government.

Having then become the leader of the socialist opposition to Soviet power (in 1919 he was a delegate to the 7th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and in 1919–20 - a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and a deputy of the Moscow Soviet), Martov sharply protested against the Bolsheviks’ liquidation of all the democratic gains of the Russian liberation movement of the previous period and especially against the Bolshevik terror, regardless of whether its victims were the liberal parties, the Socialist Revolutionaries or the royal family. At the same time, he called for support for the Soviet regime in its fight against the white movement and intervention, believing that in all circumstances the place of a socialist is on the side of the revolution, not the counter-revolution. In October 1920, when the Menshevik Party was finally outlawed, Martov was allowed to leave Russia and settled in Berlin.

He devoted the last years of his life to the organizational and ideological unity of the Mensheviks in exile and to assisting the Menshevik underground in Russia. Martov was the founder and one of the editors of the journal Socialist Messenger, as well as one of the leaders of the short-lived 2 1/2 (Vienna) International, which tried to become an alternative to the Comintern. In Berlin, he also wrote his main works: the autobiographical “Notes of a Social Democrat” (1922, last edition – 1975), “History of Russian Social Democracy” (written in 1918, published in Berlin, 1923), “World Bolshevism” (1923) , “The Development of Large Industry and the Labor Movement in Russia” (1923), “Social and Mental Currents in Russia 1870–1905” (published in 1924), etc. Martov had a great influence on the world socialist movement - its works and activities, especially in Berlin period, contributed to the formation of the ideology of the socialist movement, which is essentially Menshevik, and helped many left-wing parties maintain independence from Russian Bolshevism.

Martov had little interest in Jewish problems and believed that the implementation of the ideas of socialism would automatically end all oppression, including the persecution of Jews. He also broke early with the Jewish labor movement and repeatedly condemned the so-called “separatism” of the Bund. On the Jewish pogroms of 1905–1906. he responded with the Marxist brochure “The Russian People and the Jews” (1908).

Yezhov (Tsederbaum) Sergei Osipovich(1879–1941), brother of Martov, active participant in the Social Democratic movement in Russia. He began revolutionary activities in 1898, later, as an agent of Iskra, he participated in the delivery of the newspaper from abroad and distribution in Russia, for which he was arrested and exiled. With the split of Russian Social Democracy, he became one of the prominent Menshevik publicists. After October revolution(1917) joined the Menshevik Central Committee. Since 1922, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled (in particular, to Vyatka). Last arrest - February 1937. According to some sources, he was shot with his son Julius in 1941.

Levitsky (Tsederbaum) Vladimir Osipovich(1883–1941?), Martov’s brother, a prominent figure in the Menshevik Party. In the revolutionary movement since 1897. One of the organizers of the Menshevik press (editor of the magazine “Our Dawn”) and a talented publicist (he spoke, in particular, in the newspaper “Voice of the Social Democrat”). Arrested during the “Red Terror” (in 1920), then for the most part was in prison and exile. According to some sources, he died in 1941, according to others - in 1937.

MARTOV JULIY OSIPOVICH

Real name: Tsederbaum

(b. 1873 – d. 1923)

Leader of Russian Social Democracy, one of the organizers of the Menshevik Party, Marxist theorist.

Martov was born into a wealthy and educated Jewish family, his father was a representative of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade in Istanbul (Turkey). Because of the Russian-Turkish War, the Cederbaum family moved to Odessa. Martov’s grandfather, Abraham Tsederbaum, was the founder and editor of a newspaper published in Hebrew in St. Petersburg.

In 1891, Julius entered St. Petersburg University, where he joined the revolutionary student circle and became a Marxist. Not only he went into the revolution, but also his brothers Sergei and Vladimir, his sister Lydia, who became the wife of the Menshevik leader Dan-Gurevich. In 1892, Martov was one of the founders of the Marxist group “Emancipation of Labor” in St. Petersburg.

Soon Martov was arrested and deported to Vilna. There he became the leader of the local Social Democratic organization, one of the founders of the Bund party of the Jewish proletariat. In 1895, together with Lenin, he founded the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. In January 1896, Martov was arrested. After a year in prison he was exiled to Siberia for 3 years.

After the end of his exile, Martov went abroad in 1900. In March 1901, in Munich, he joined the editorial staff of the Iskra newspaper and the Zarya magazine. Martov is friends with Lenin and together with him fights for power in the party, preparing a draft Program of the RSDLP. But in 1903, at the Second Congress of the RSDLP, Martov broke up with Lenin, becoming an ideologist, publicist and leader of the Mensheviks. At the congress, Martov introduced an alternative definition of party membership to Lenin’s (promotion of the RSDLP instead of mandatory participation in the organization), opposed Lenin’s proposal to limit the Iskra editorial board to Lenin, Martov, Plekhanov, refused to work in Iskra, and boycotted the elections of the party leadership. After Lenin left the editorial office of Iskra, he returned to it and was introduced to the Central Committee of the party. He accused the Bolsheviks and their leader of seeking to establish a dictatorship in the party.

Martov believed that the party should be democratic and legal. After the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, he returned to Russia: he worked in the executive committee of the St. Petersburg Council, led the activities of the Mensheviks (member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP), and edited the newspapers Nachalo and Party News. Martov rejected Lenin's boycott tactics State Duma. In the spring of 1906, he was arrested and deported abroad, living in Switzerland. At the January plenum (1910) of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, Martov criticized the Bolsheviks' course towards a split and advocated the legalization of the party. In 1912 he joined the Foreign Secretariat of the OK RSDLP, participated in the Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916) international conferences of the International.

In 1914–1917, during the First World War, Martov advocated a just democratic world, was an “internationalist,” and in May 1917, returning to Russia, he spoke out against “revolutionary defencism” and the entry of socialists into the Provisional Government. In September of the same year, Martov announced the need for power to transfer into the hands of a revolutionary democratic government, but decided to “stay at a distance from Lenin and Trotsky.”

In May 1917, at the All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP Mensheviks, Martov criticized the entry of the socialists into the coalition government and abdicated responsibility for the decisions of the conference, did not participate in the leadership elections, becoming in opposition to the Menshevik leadership. Martov led a small group of Menshevik internationalists. At the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets, he was elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, at the All-Russian Democratic Conference he spoke out against a coalition with the bourgeoisie, but was elected to the Pre-Parliament of the Republic, where he headed the Menshevik-Internationalist faction.

At the Second Congress of Soviets, Martov defended the idea of ​​inter-party negotiations and proposed suspending the work of the congress until a homogeneous democratic government was created. He reacted with indignation to the October Revolution, viewing it as a disaster for Russia, and left the Second Congress of Soviets. In November 1917, during negotiations in Vikzhel, Martov again demanded that Lenin create a “uniform socialist government.” Martov proposed “under no circumstances to participate in the defeat of the proletariat, even if it were on the wrong path.”

In February-March 1918, he fought against the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty; at the Fourth Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets, he urged not to ratify the treaty and demanded the creation of a new democratic government. In April 1918, Martov was tried for slandering Stalin (Martov accused him of involvement in expropriations). At the trial, Martov was given “public censure.”

In June 1918, the Leninists accused the Mensheviks of an alliance with the White Guards, and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee expelled the Mensheviks from its membership and from the local Soviets. At the same time, Martov came out in support of the Soviet government in its fight against counter-revolution, for removing the slogan “All power to the Constituent Assembly,” and against intervention and the participation of the Mensheviks in the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks.

At the Menshevik Congress in 1918, Martov rejected the proposal to “recognize the people’s right to rebel against the Bolsheviks” and called for the unity of the labor movement. He is again the leader of the Menshevik Party, elected a member of the Central Committee and to the editorial office of the Workers' Newspaper and the newspaper Always Forward. In 1919–1920, Martov was in a semi-legal position and was repeatedly arrested. Lenin refused Lunacharsky’s request to release Martov due to a serious illness.

In 1920, Martov put forward the idea of ​​uniting all “Marxist” socialist parties", including the RCP (b), on the basis of democracy, freedom of ideological struggle and propaganda. In October 1920, Martov legally traveled abroad on behalf of the Menshevik Central Committee as a representative of the party in the International. In February 1921, he founded the journal Socialist Messenger (the central organ of the Mensheviks) in Berlin, headed the Foreign Delegation of the RSDLP, the party center of the Mensheviks, and became one of the founders of the Vienna International. In Soviet Russia, most of the Menshevik leaders were arrested. Due to an exacerbation of the tuberculosis process in November 1922, Martov was bedridden. He died on April 4, 1923 in Schemberg (Germany), remaining a citizen of the Soviet Union until his death.