Download the presentation on the Altai Mountains. Altai Mountains
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Altai - golden mountains. Altai is the highest mountains in Siberia. The highest peak of Belukha, its height is 4506 m
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Altai is a large mountainous region located in the central part of the country. In the north and northwest it borders on the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair Ridge, Mountain Shoria and the West Siberian Plain. In the east, Altai adjoins the Western Sayan and Tuva. The pattern of Altai mountain structures has the shape of a fan, turned to the west and northwest. Altai is divided into Central, Northwestern, Northeastern and Eastern.
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1. Before Paleozoic era and at its beginning, in place of the entire mountainous country in question there was a vast sea.
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2. By the end of the Paleozoic, a high folded mountainous country formed on the site of modern Altai. Hercynian folding
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3. Throughout Mesozoic era(several tens of millions of years) The Altai mountainous country was continuously destroyed by external forces and turned into an undulating plain.
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4. B Cenozoic era, when all the main features of the modern relief were formed, including mountain systems (the Himalayas, the Caucasus), the earth's crust in the place of Altai was broken by faults into numerous blocks. Some blocks began to rise, forming mountain ranges, others sank, forming wide valleys and basins. When faults formed, molten rocks rose along them, and when they slowly solidified, metal ores were released.
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5. Subsequently, the blocks of mountains were cut by flowing waters and glaciers. In transforming the relief into ice ages The leading role belonged to glaciers, during interglacial periods and at present - to flowing waters.
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The main watershed ridges of Altai are composed in most cases of granites, granite gneisses, micaceous schists and crystalline limestones
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The muddy water rushes down the narrow rocky riverbed with a terrible roar and great speed, carrying with it everything that gets in its way. The water breaks huge trees like thin sticks, crumbles them, carries them down.
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Large boulders that are beyond the strength of dozens of people, the water easily rolls along the bottom of the riverbed.
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Rivers from gorges often end in waterfalls and cascading waterfalls. Cutting through mountain ranges, water encounters rocks of varying strength along its path, forming waterfalls, as a result of which the river bed acquires a stepped character. There are countless waterfalls in Altai.
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Lake Teletskoye is located at an altitude of 436 m, in a narrow depression 77 km long and 1-6 km wide. Its greatest depth is 325 m. This gives grounds to consider the lake the second deepest after Baikal. Depending on the influx of river water, the lake level changes, falling in winter and rising in summer.
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The flora of Altai consists of 1840 species. It includes alpine, forest and steppe forms. There are 212 known endemic species, accounting for 11.5%. In the northwestern and northern foothills, the plain steppes turn into mountain steppes and forest-steppes. The mountain slopes are dominated by a forest belt, which on the highest ridges gives way to belts of subalpine and alpine meadows and mountain tundra, above which there are glaciers on many high peaks.
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Altai Mountains - represent complex system the highest ridges in Siberia, separated by deep river valleys and vast intramountain and intermountain basins.
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Location.
The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan meet. It is divided into Southern Altai (Southwestern), Southeastern Altai and Eastern Altai, Central Altai, Northern and Northeastern Altai, Northwestern Altai.
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Origin of name.
The origin of the name “Altai” is associated with the Turkic-Mongolian word “altyn”, meaning “gold”, “golden”.
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There are three main types of relief in Altai: the surface of residual ancient peneplain, alpine-type glacial high-mountain relief and mid-mountain relief.
The alpine relief in Altai rises above the surface of the ancient peneplain and occupies higher sections of the Katunsky, Chuisky, Kuraisky, Sailyugem, Chikhachev, Shapshalsky, Southern Altai, Sarymsakty ridges. Alpine terrain is less widespread than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ridges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering.
The ancient peneplain is a high mountain range with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion.
The mid-mountain relief has heights from 800 to 1800-2000 m and occupies more than half of the territory of Altai. The upper limit of the distribution of mid-mountain relief is limited by the plane of the ancient peneplain, but this boundary is not sharp. The relief here is characterized by smooth, rounded shapes of low ridges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.
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In the highlands there are also plateaus. The Ulagan Plateau is a high-mountain plain with a wavy, slightly indented surface. The Ukok Plateau and the Chulyshman Plateau have a more dissected relief, formed as a result of glacial and partially erosional processes.
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Altai caves.
There are about 300 caves in Altai: there are many of them in the Charysh, Anui, and Katun basins. One of the interesting caves is Bolshaya Pryamukhinskaya, 320 m long. It is located on the right bank of the Pryamukha spring, the left tributary of the Yarovka, which flows into the Inya. The entrance to the cave is through a shaft 40 m deep. The longest cave in Altai is Muzeynaya, more than 700 m, located near the village of Karakol, on the right bank of the Karakol, the left tributary of the Anui. The cave has two entrances through wells 17-20 m deep. In the Museum Cave there are various sinter forms - stalactites and stalagmites.
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The Altai mountains are gradually being destroyed by the forces of nature: heat and frost, snow and rain, wind and flowing waters crush and carry away the upper layers, exposing dense crystalline rocks - granites, porphyries, marble. The rocky peaks are cracking into huge, jumbled pieces. Scree consisting of small fragmentary material descends along the slopes of the mountains.
Mountains of Southern Siberia
Altai Mountains The Altai Mountains represent a complex system of the highest ridges in Siberia, separated by deep river valleys and vast intramountain and intermountain basins.
Scheme of altitudinal zones
Location Altai is a mountain system in Asia, in southern Siberia and Central Asia, on the territory of Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China. It stretches in latitude from 81 to 106 east longitude, in longitude from 42 to 52 north latitude. It extends from northwest to southeast for more than 2000 km. It consists of high-mountain and mid-mountain ridges and intermountain basins separating them. Orographically, the Gobi Altai, Mongolian Altai and Russian Altai are distinguished.
- The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan meet. It is divided into Southern Altai (Southwestern), Southeastern Altai and Eastern Altai, Central Altai, Northern and Northeastern Altai, Northwestern Altai.
- The origin of the name “Altai” is associated with the Turkic-Mongolian word “altyn”, meaning “gold”, “golden”.
- ALTAI AS A REGION
IN THE NORTH AND NORTHWEST IT IS BORDERED by the West Siberian Plain, in the northeast by the Western Sayan Mountains and the mountains of Southern Tuva, in the east by the Valley of the Great Lakes, and in the southeast by the GOBI Desert.
Boskaus River.
Chui steppe.
Katun
Altai mountain system
- There are three main types of relief in Altai: surface of residual ancient peneplain, alpine-type glacial high-mountain relief and mid-mountain relief.
- The alpine relief in Altai rises above the surface of the ancient peneplain and occupies higher sections of the Katunsky, Chuisky, Kuraisky, Sailyugem, Chikhachev, Shapshalsky, Southern Altai, Sarymsakty ridges. Alpine terrain is less widespread than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ridges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering.
- The ancient peneplain is a high mountain range with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion.
- The mid-mountain relief has heights from 800 to 1800-2000 m and occupies more than half of the territory of Altai. The upper limit of the distribution of mid-mountain relief is limited by the plane of the ancient peneplain, but this boundary is not sharp. The relief here is characterized by smooth, rounded shapes of low ridges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.
- In the highlands there are also plateaus. The Ulagan Plateau is a high-mountain plain with a wavy, slightly indented surface. The Ukok Plateau and the Chulyshman Plateau have a more dissected relief, formed as a result of glacial and partially erosional processes.
- There are about 300 caves in Altai: there are many of them in the Charysh, Anui, and Katun basins. One of the interesting caves is Bolshaya Pryamukhinskaya, 320 m long. It is located on the right bank of the Pryamukha spring, the left tributary of the Yarovka, which flows into the Inya. The entrance to the cave is through a shaft 40 m deep. The longest cave in Altai is Muzeynaya, more than 700 m, located near the village of Karakol, on the right bank of the Karakol, the left tributary of the Anui. The cave has two entrances through wells 17-20 m deep. In the Museum Cave there are various sinter forms - stalactites and stalagmites.
- The main wealth of the subsoil of Altai consists of deposits of precious metals and sulfide lead-zinc-copper-barite ores. In the Altai Mountains there are deposits of mercury, gold, iron, tungsten-molybdenum ores. Deposits of ornamental stones and marble have long been known. There are thermal mineral springs: Abakansky Arzhan, Belokurikha and others.
- MINERALS
- The climate is continental in the foothills, sharply continental in the interior and eastern parts, which is determined by the location in temperate latitudes and a significant distance from the oceans. Winter is harsh and long (from 5 months in the foothills to 10 months in the highlands), which is facilitated by the influence of the Asian anticyclone. Summer is relatively short but warm (up to 4 months). Precipitation is mainly associated with moisture-carrying flows from the west and is distributed extremely unevenly over the territory and over the seasons.
- The Altai mountains are gradually being destroyed by the forces of nature: heat and frost, snow and rain, wind and flowing waters crush and carry away the upper layers, exposing dense crystalline rocks - granites, porphyries, marble. The rocky peaks are cracking into huge, jumbled pieces. Scree consisting of small fragmentary material descends along the slopes of the mountains.
- The river network in Altai is well developed.
- The largest rivers originate here
- Western Siberia - Ob, Irtysh.
- And a whole series of their tributaries -
- Katun, Biya, Tom, Bukhtarma.
Water resources
Mount Sinyukha- The majestic peak of Mount Sinyuhi rises to a height of more than a thousand meters in the vicinity of the village of Kolyvan. These places have long attracted travelers.
- Mount Sinyukha has long been considered a place of pilgrimage. On the top and slopes of the mountain there are several natural granite bowls filled with what many believe to be holy water.
- Mountain Big Monastery Located in the Charysh valley near the village of Ust-Pustynka Altai Territory). The rock-remnant is about 100 m high, reminiscent of the building of an ancient monastery, composed of white, gray and pink limestone. The pastel palette gives the Great Monastery a particularly romantic look. More than 10 caves are known in the mountain.
- Belukha - the queen of Altai - cannot leave anyone indifferent; she is so beautiful, majestic and graceful that she evokes a storm of feelings and emotions in anyone.
- This mountain has many names. The Russians dubbed the mountain Belukha for its abundance of snow cover. The Altaians called it “Kadym-Bazha” or “Katyn-Bash”, that is, “the peak, the sources of the Katun”, and “Ak-Su-Ryu” - “White Water”. The Kirghiz of Southern Altai called it “Muss-Du-Tau” - “Ice Mountain”.
- The territory of Altai has been declared an object
- world natural heritage.
- It includes Katunsky
- state reserve with
- natural park "Belukha" and Altai
- state reserve with
- water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye.
- Famous scientist, philosopher, artist
- Nicholas Roerich admired beauty,
- considering it the spiritual center of the world -
- "Shambhala".
- Altai forests are formed mainly
- coniferous species: larch,
- spruce, pine, fir and cedar.
- Most common
- larch, which occupies
- almost all mountain slopes, often
- rising to the upper limit
- forests, where together with cedar it forms
- larch-cedar forests.
- The flora of Altai consists of 1840 species.
- It includes alpine, forest and steppe
- forms. There are 212 known endemic species,
- which is 11.5%.
- In the northwestern and northern foothills of the steppe
- plains turn into mountain steppes and forest-steppes.
- The forest belt dominates the mountain slopes,
- changing on the highest ridges to belts
- subalpine, alpine meadows and mountain tundra,
- above which on many high peaks
- are located
- glaciers.
Flora and fauna of Altai
Lake Teletskoye- Lake Teletskoye
- located at an altitude of 436 m,
- in a narrow depression 77 km long
- and a width of 1-6 km.
- Its greatest depth
- is 325 m.
- This gives grounds to consider the lake the second
- in depth after Lake Baikal.
- Depending on the influx of river water
- the lake level is changing,
- decreasing in winter and increasing in summer.
