The subordinate clause in the Russian language causes particular difficulty when determining its type in the Unified state exam in the second part. In fact, identifying this very species does not cause big problems if you ask questions correctly from the main part.

A subordinate clause is a subordinating clause and a dependent clause. As you know, a subordinate clause can appear not only at the beginning of a sentence, but also in its middle or end. An important rule: any subordinate part is separated from the main part by a comma or other marks. Subordinate parts can explain both the main part and each other. If several subordinate clauses explain each other, then this is called parallel (in this case, as a rule, the subordinate clauses have a common conjunction).

Subordinate clauses in German have a clear sequence of words, which cannot be said about the Russian language. There, each word has its own place: the subject, then the predicate, and only then the secondary members. And subordinate clauses in English language can serve as predicate, subject or object.

So, the subordinate clause in Russian has several types.

1) defining (the main questions of common definitions - which? which?; connected only with the help of conjunctions: what, which, which, whose). Example: The house that stood on the mountain was the property of my grandmother.

2) explanatory (questions Example: I know that everything will get better soon.

3) adverbial (have their own structure):

Thus, the subordinate clause in Russian explains and complements the main part of the complex sentence. To determine the type of this sentence, it is enough just to correctly pose the question to that part, the meaning of which is revealed by the subordinate clause.

Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.

In this article we'll talk specifically about the syntax of the sentence. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will talk in more detail about the types subordinate clauses In russian language.

1. The concept of a proposal

Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or several words, which, as a rule, contain a question (then they are called interrogative), a call to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).

Everything is usually divided into complex (equal) and complex subordinate clauses (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special conjunctions or allied words).

2. How to correctly identify proposals?

By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:

About grammatical meaning;

About the question this sentence answers;

About the part of the sentence to which it can be attributed;

About means of communication.

It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, attributive, connective and circumstantial.

3. in Russian

1. Definitive. Role performed: characterize the attribute of an object.

The question the sentence answers is: which one?

What does the sentence refer to: a noun.

Conjunctions and allied words: when, from where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words are used - any, every, every, such, that.

For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.

2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.

The question the sentence answers is: what?

What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.

Conjunctions and as, as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.

Other characteristic features: the demonstrative word “that” is used.

For example: I know I can do this.

3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.

What they refer to: the entire main clause.

Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.

4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:

• mode of action and degree

Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.

The question the sentence answers is: how? how much? in what degree? How?

What they refer to: a verb or an adjective.

Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “so that”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “as much”, “so much”, “so”.

For example: He screamed so loudly that he almost deafened those present.

• places

Role performed: indicate the location of the action.

The question that these sentences answer is: where? Where? Where?

What do they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.

For example: Where the road ended, the field began.

• time

Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.

The question the sentence answers is: until when? When? since when? how long?

Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.

For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.

• conditions

Performed role: denotes the condition under which an action is performed.

The question the sentence answers is: in what case? under what condition?

Conjunctions and allied words: “kohl”, “if”, “times”, “if”, “how”.

For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.

• causes

Role: Indicates the cause.

The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? Why? because of which?

What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.

For example: He went on foot because... I didn’t want to travel in stuffy transport.

• comparisons

Role performed: provide explanation through comparison.

The question the sentence answers is: like what?

What does the sentence refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “as”, “than”, “as if”.

For example: He chose to remain silent, like a fish.

Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.

The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? For what?

What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “in order to”.

For example: I want to learn in order to know.

• concessions

Role performed: circumstance for performing an action.

The question the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?

What they refer to: the entire main clause or the predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”

For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.

• consequences

Role performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.

The question that the sentence answers is: what of this?

What they refer to: everything Ch. proposal.

Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.

For example: Despite my hunger, I will not eat this.

In Russian, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Their difference is that simple ones have one grammatical basis, while complex ones can have two or more. In syntactic constructions consisting of several parts, one of three types of connection can be used: coordinating, non-union or subordinating. Complex sentences with (grade 9) are the most extensive topic due to the number of meanings of the dependent part from the main part.

The concept of a complex sentence

A syntactic construction in which one part is dependent on another is called complex. It always has a main part (from which the question is posed) and a subordinate part. The sentences that make up such a structure are combined, or for example:

1. The boy realized (what?) that his deception had been discovered(the main part - the boy understood, to which the subordinate clause is attached using the subordinating conjunction “what”).
2. Rather than being second in Rome, it is better to be first in the province(under what condition?) (the main sentence - it is better to be the first in the province - is connected with the dependent conjunction “than”).
3. A wind blew from the north (what kind?), which forced everyone to button up their jackets(the main sentence - the wind blew from the north - is connected with the subordinate conjunctive word “which”).

Depending on how the parts of a complex sentence are connected, they are divided into 4 types:

• with using conjunctions so that, what, how, whether (I heard the gate creaking);
• with attributive clauses, attached by allied words which, which, whose, what, where and others ( I bought the car I've been dreaming about for a long time);
• with an connecting clause using allied words why, why, why and what (In the evenings, the mother bathed her son, after which she always read him a fairy tale.);
We went up to the observation deck, from where the city was as visible as possible).

The last type of syntactic constructions are divided into types according to their meaning.

Types of adverbial clauses

In complex sentences, the dependent part, which answers questions specific to the circumstances, is called that. Below are the circumstances. The table briefly summarizes all their types:

Complex sentences with adverbial clauses are connected by conjunctions and allied words, depending on the meaning they define.

Subordinate clauses and degrees of action

This type of complex sentence in its dependent part provides an explanation of how the action was performed or indicates the degree of quality of the attribute of the object being discussed in the main part.

In such syntactic constructions, questions are posed to the subordinating sentence: “in what way?”, “how?”, “how much?”, “to what extent?” and others. The dependent part corresponds to:

A complex sentence with a subordinate adverbial manner of action is always constructed in such a way that the main part comes before the dependent. If you swap them, a different meaning is formed. For example:

1. The snow was so bright (to what extent?) that my eyes began to water after a few minutes of being outside.
2. My eyes started to water after a few minutes of being outside (for what reason?) because the snow was so bright.

Clause of time

When the dependent part in indicates when the event took place, then this is a complex sentence with an adverbial clause. Moreover, the dependent part does not refer to a separate concept, but to the entire main one, and gives answers to the questions “when?”, “how long?”, “until when?”, “since when?”

They are connected using temporary conjunctions “when”, “as soon as”, “barely”, “until”, “until”, “since” and others. In this case, the main sentence may contain words that have the meaning of time, for example “then”, “after that”, “until then”, etc. For example, complex sentences with subordinate adverbial clauses from the literature:

1. On the day (when exactly?) when I made this decision, someone hit me on the shoulder in the Criterion bar (A. Conan Doyle).
2. Now sit here for a while (how long?) while I run off to have a bite to eat (J. Simenon).

In such syntactic constructions, complex conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts by a comma. Moreover, one of them is in the main sentence as an indicative word, and the second is in the subordinate clause in the form of a conjunction ( It's been 30 years since he left his hometown).

In the event that there is no index word, the dependent part can be located either before or after the main part, but in two cases it is fixed:

1. If complex sentences with subordinate adverbial clauses use the conjunctions “how”, “how suddenly”, then they are located after the main one ( Lunch was already coming to an end when suddenly another guest arrived.).
2. If double conjunctions are used, such as “when… then”, “only only… how”, “when…. That". IN in this case the subordinate clause is placed before the main part, and the second fragment of the double conjunction can be omitted ( When the first snow falls, the flock will move south).

In other cases, the place of the subordinate clause can change without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

Subordinate clauses

A complex sentence with an adverbial clause (examples below) can indicate the place of action or its direction. It answers the questions “where?”, “where to?”, “from where?” and refers to specific word in the main part, which can be expressed by an adverb (there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere and others).

1. There was water everywhere (where exactly?) wherever you looked.
2. I come from where (where?) where poverty has never been known.

The complex sentence is connected with the adverbial clause by the conjunctive words “where?”, “where?”, “from where?” The dependent part in such syntactic constructions comes after the word being defined.

Subordinate clause

Complex sentences with subordinate adverbial conditions answer the questions “under what condition?”, “in what case?” Such syntactic constructions indicate the conditions under which the actions named in the main part are performed. In them, the dependent clause can refer both to the main part and to a separate predicate, and is joined using the conjunctions “if”, “how” (in the definition “if”), “if”, “kol” and “when” (in role "if").

A complex sentence with a subordinate adverbial clause (the examples below confirm this) conditions can be found both before and after the main one:

1. If that’s what you want, so be it (on what condition?).
2. You can get a chance to win the lottery (in which case?) if you buy tickets regularly.
3. If you buy tickets regularly, you can win the lottery (the content of the offer has not changed due to the rearrangement).

Often such syntactic constructions use conjunctions consisting of two parts: “if...then”, “if.... so", "if... Then" ( If it rains tomorrow, we won't go mushroom picking.).

Clause of purpose

Goals indicate the purpose for which the action specified in its main part is performed. They give answers to the questions “why?”, “for what purpose?”, “for what?”

Parts of such a syntactic structure are joined by the conjunctions “so that”, “in order to”, “so that”, “if only”, “then” and others, for example:

1. To get there faster, he quickened his steps (for what purpose?).
2. To be useful people, you need to work a lot on yourself (for what?).
3. I said this in order (why?) to annoy my father.

Complex conjunctions can be separated by using a comma between them. One part remains in the main clause, and the conjunction “so that” remains in the dependent clause.

Subordinate reasons

Complex sentences with subordinate adverbial reasons indicate the basis of what is said in the main part. The dependent clause completely relates to the main clause and answers the questions “for what reason?”, “why?”, “why?” and is joined by conjunctions “because”, “good”, “since”, “for”, “because” and others, for example:

1. Thanks to the fact that we united, our opponents could not defeat us (for what reason?).
2. She was sad (why?) because autumn brought rain and cold.
3. We decided to take a break (why?) because we had been walking for six hours straight.

The subordinate clause in such syntactic constructions usually comes after the main clause.

Subordinate clause

In complex sentences with similar subordinate clauses, the conclusion that is drawn from the content of the main part is indicated. It answers the question “what happened because of this?” The dependent fragment is attached to the main one with the conjunction “so” and always comes after it, for example:

1. The heat intensified (what happened because of this?), so we had to look for shelter.
2. The girl began to cry (what happened because of this?), so I had to give in to her request.

This type of construction should not be confused with subordinate clauses of degree and measure, in which the adverb “so” and the conjunction “that” are used ( Over the summer he got so tanned that his hair looked white).

Clause of concession

Complex sentences with these subordinate clauses provide explanations for events that occurred contrary to what was discussed in the main part.

They answer the questions “despite what?”, “despite what?” and join the main part:

• conjunctions “although”, “even though... but”, “despite the fact that”, “let”, “let” ( There were big puddles on the street, although it rained yesterday);
• allied words with the particle “neither” - “no matter how”, “no matter how much” “no matter what” ( No matter how much my grandfather made a rocking chair, it turned out lopsided).

Thus, concession clauses indicate why the action did not work.

), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:

• definitive,
• explanatory,
• circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence),
• connecting.

Subordinate clauses

Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions ( Which? which? which?).
Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, as if, exactly, as if, etc.

Examples

• [The alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(Which my grandmother gave to me). [Alarm clock rang()].
• which my grandmother gave me Which?[The house burned to the ground]. House (Where I was born).[House(
• where I was born ) burned to the ground].[A.S. More than one monument was erected to Pushkin]. A.S. Pushkin which one?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate).
• [A.S. Pushkin( Which?, whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated, ) erected more than one monument].[That day my life changed]. In a day

(When I understood everything).

[In that day( when I understood everything).
Join using allied words: ) my life has changed].
And also unions: Explanatory clauses

Examples

Refers to a verb. Answer case questions (

• Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc. who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much what, in order, as if, as if, as if, etc. Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.)].
• [I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what?(In that the Earth has the shape of a ball). [I'm sure()].
• that the Earth is spherical in what?[He found out]. Found out What?)].

(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite).

[He found out(

(So ​​I had no reason to worry).

[I was on top of the world(
, so I had no reason to worry Comparative
as if, as if

Examples

• [She fluttered around the apartment]. fluttered (Like a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly).).
• [She fluttered around the apartment( like a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly).

Subordinate clauses

Apply to the entire main part.

Join with the help of allied words:

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Main clause - Dictionary of literary terms

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2010.

See what a “subordinate clause” is in other dictionaries: Subordinate clause - SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. See main sentence...

Dictionary of literary terms APPENDIX, tka, m. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 …

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling I had at that time... ... The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F.I. Buslaev laid the foundation... ...

Literary encyclopedia - (gram.). This is what is called, in contrast to the main sentence, a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. The syntactic structure of all Indo-European languages ​​shows beyond doubt that the creation of the category P... encyclopedic Dictionary

F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron subordinate clause - linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence...

F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron Dictionary of many expressions - See main sentence...

Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms SUBORDINATE CLAUSE - (following paragraph, German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with grammar terminology, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends… … for the most part

Riemann's Dictionary of Music Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ...

Dictionary of linguistic terms Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ...

A subordinate clause that answers any case question and relates to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Subordinate clauses... ...

See what a “subordinate clause” is in other dictionaries: is a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). It is very difficult to depict the feeling that I experienced at that time (Korolenko). The term “subordinate clause” used in educational practice is usually replaced in theoretical works by the term “subordinate clause” (accordingly, instead of “main clause” - “main part”);

This avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and its individual parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.

A subordinate clause can be associated with a separate word (group of words) of the main sentence, performing the function of extending or explaining these members. She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow (Pushkin) (the subordinate clause extends the predicate of the main sentence is dreaming). His nature was one of those who need an audience for a good deed (L. Tolstoy) (the subordinate clause explains the group of words one of those). In other cases, the subordinate clause correlates with the entire composition of the main clause. If the grandfather left home, the grandmother would arrange the most interesting meetings in the kitchen (G o r k i i) (the subordinate clause refers to the main thing as a whole). A subordinate clause can clarify a word in the main clause that is not a member of the sentence. Grow, a country where, by the will of a single people, all merged into one people! (Swan in-K u m a h) ^the subordinate clause refers to the word-address country). A subordinate clause can refer to two main clauses as a whole. It was already quite dawn and the people began to rise when I returned to my room (L. Tolstoy).

Various semantic and grammatical relations between the main and subordinate clauses, various means of communication between them created and are creating difficulties for isolating a single principle for classifying subordinate clauses. Three such principles can be considered basic; semantic, formal-grammatical and structural-semantic.

The first in Russian syntactic science was the principle of classifying subordinate clauses based on their likeness to members of a simple sentence. The understanding of a subordinate clause as an expanded member of a simple sentence was first put forward by A. Kh. Vostokov in his “Russian Grammar” (1831) together with the term “subordinate clause.” The same views were held by N. I. Grech, who indicated in his “Practical Russian Grammar” ” (1834), that the noun, adjective and adverb present in the main sentence can be respectively replaced by “subordinate nouns”, “subordinate adjectives” and “subordinate adverbial clauses.” This classification was clarified and detailed by I. I. Davydov in his “ Experience of a General Comparative Grammar of the Russian Language” (1852) with the corresponding replacement of morphological terms with syntactic ones (additional clauses, attributive clauses and adverbial clauses, the latter being subdivided by type of circumstance

This classification received its complete form in “The Experience of Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” (1858) by F.I. Buslaev, who proceeded from the position that “each of the members of the main sentence, except the predicate, can be expressed by a subordinate clause. In accordance with this Buslaev also expanded the classification itself; it includes sentences of subject, additional, attributive and adverbial places, time, manner of action, measures and accounts, reasons, grounds, occasions, goals, conditional, concessional, comparative. In its main features, this classification has survived to this day, finding one way or another reflection in educational practice and in the academic “Russian Language Grammar” (1960). Only the division of subordinate clauses into full and abbreviated ones, recognized by Buslaev and his predecessors Vostokov, Grech and Davydov, has completely disappeared (See separation). The disadvantage of Buslaev's classification is, first of all, that it does not cover all available types of subordinate clauses: it cannot include such types of subordinate clauses as subordinate clauses, adjunctive, comparative clauses, since there is no analogy for them among the members of a simple sentence. The exclusion of subordinate predicates from this scheme was not justified (they were subsequently introduced into it, cf. their presence in academic grammar).

The second principle of constructing a typology of subordinate clauses was the principle of their formal classification - according to the means of communication of the main and subordinate clauses. There are two main types of complex sentences: sentences in which the means of connecting the subordinate part with the main part is a subordinating conjunction (conjunctive subordination), and sentences in which the subordinate part is attached to the main part by means of allied words (relative subordination); further division is made according to the meaning of conjunctions and allied words. In cases where conjunctions express certain semantic relations (because, if, when, that, like, although, that is, so), subordinate clauses are distinguished that coincide with those that appear in the traditional classification based on meaning subordinate clauses (i.e., subordinate clauses causal, conditional, temporal, target, comparative, concessive, explanatory, consequences), but conjunctions that combine semantic meaning with purely syntactic meaning (expository conjunction that, comparative conjunction as), often used only to indicate dependence subordinate part from the main one, violate the parallelism of the semantic classification of conjunctions and the classification of subordinate clauses by meaning. Therefore, some grammarians (A. M. Peshkovsky, M. N. Peterson, L. A. Bulakhovsky) limited themselves to a detailed analysis of the meanings of subordinating conjunctions and allied words, without giving a classification of subordinate clauses. An attempt was made to divide subordinate clauses into two groups depending on the presence or absence in the main sentence of a correlative word, the specific content of which is revealed in the subordinate clause, with the subsequent classification of subordinate clauses by meaning (A. B. Shapiro). A similar approach is expressed in the fact that subordinate clauses are first divided into three main types; 1) subordinate clauses that complement the member of the main sentence that is missing in it, and thereby perform the function of an expanded member of the sentence; 2) subordinate clauses attached to the pronominal (correlative) word in the main sentence and serving to reveal its real meaning; 3) subordinate clauses that extend the main sentence as a whole; Next, a classification of subordinate clauses by meaning is given (I. G. Cherednichenko).

The beginning of the structural-semantic principle of classification of subordinate clauses was laid by V. A. Bogoroditsky in his “General Course of Russian Grammar” (1904). Having abandoned the view of subordinate clauses as expanded members of a simple sentence, Bogoroditsky, in his interpretation of this problem, proceeded from the following provisions; “When studying subordinate clauses, you need to keep in mind: 1) what it refers to, 2) what formal words are used (also other means - intonation, etc.) and 3) what shades of meaning in each individual case belong to the subordinate clauses themselves ( and not to one or another member of the main sentence) The detailed classification of subordinate clauses constructed by him is based primarily on their meanings and semantic relationships to the main sentences, taking into account constructive features. Work on the creation of a structural-semantic classification of subordinate clauses has been and is being carried out by a number of researchers. N. S. Pospelov divides complex sentences into single-member and two-member sentences, depending on whether the subordinate part is connected with one word in the main part or correlates with the entire composition of the main part as a whole. Both types differ from each other in the degree of cohesion (in one-member complex sentences the connection of parts is closer), the degree of dismemberment (two-member sentences are more dismembered), and the means of communication used in them (conjunctions, conjunctive and correlative words). Varieties of both types are distinguished on the basis of structural and semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts. Variants of classification of subordinate clauses, taking into account the structure of both parts of a complex sentence, syntactic means of communication between them, the semantic meaning of the subordinate clauses themselves and depending on other constructive features, were proposed by S. E. Kryuchkov L. Yu. Maksimov, V. A. Belo- Shapkova, etc.