NATURAL COMMUNITY "SWAMP"

Swamp... Where did it come from?

• Swamp... Where did it come from?

The most common moss is sphagnum. It consists of many interconnected soft stems, similar to skeins of tattered harsh threads.

SWAMP PLANTS Sphagnum moss has the property that it absorbs and retains a lot of water. Ten times more than it weighs itself! It is not for nothing that “sphagnos” means “sponge” in Greek. Arrowhead Arrowheads are perennial herbaceous plants that grow entirely in water or are partially immersed in it. From short thick rhizomes comes out triangular

stem

. It reaches 20-110 cm in length, but is entirely under water and filled with air-bearing tissue.

In haymaking it’s bitter,

And in the cold it’s sweet.

What kind of berry?

COWBERRY

Berries and leaves

useful.

Berries contain

a lot of vitamins

and the leaves are used

as medicinal.

Tender, with a subtle taste. Often, it covers swamp hummocks with continuous carpets.

BLUEBERRY

It is a close relative of the blueberry. Blueberry bushes are taller than cranberries, and in the fall they also bear berries.

Ledum

Marsh wild rosemary is an evergreen shrub that reaches a height of 1 meter and has a strong smell that causes an instant headache. Its stems are recumbent and have numerous ascending branches.

water pepper

Cotton grass Cotton grass is a perennial plant of the sedge family, with a creeping or shortened rhizome.

water pepper

The name comes from the Greek - carrying fluff. About 20 species are known.

Medicinal plants

valerian

Predatory flower

ANIMALS OF THE SWAMPS

The muskrat is a small animal, smaller than our domestic cat, and it builds a hut almost a meter high. He sleeps in his hut during the day, and in the evening he wakes up, combs his fur with his claws and crawls out.

The muskrat is listed in the Muskrat is listed in the Red Book

water vole

Marsh viper The largest chain viper recorded was 1.66 meters in size, but the average length is 1.2 meters.

The swamp grass is usually olive in color with dark spots arranged in a checkerboard pattern. Occasionally there are plain olive or even black individuals. The size of the water snake is up to 1.6 m, but usually 1-1.3 m. Females are larger than males

The swamp is home to frogs.

The sandpiper is listed

to the Red Book

A cry is heard in the swamp:

The sandpiper moans and cries.

He feels sorry for his swamp,

In Siberia, in the swamps, if you are very lucky, you can see a white crane - the Siberian Crane.

This is a very rare bird, there are very few Siberian Cranes left, and they are carefully protected. The Siberian Crane is listed in the Red Book.

Redshank

Shoveler

white-eyed

Teal-whistle

In the evenings and at night, someone’s roar can be heard in the swamp.

Deaf and scary. It was as if someone had hit a huge drum and it began to hum.

These sounds come from a small, chicken-sized bird called the bittern.

Who roars and laughs in the swamp?

There is some kind of large growth visible on the branch. Suddenly his head turned and two round yellow eyes stared. This is an owl - a night robber.

• He is the one who laughs so loudly in the swamp when it gets dark.
• The eagle owl is a very rare bird and needs protection.
• GUESTS OF THE SWAMP
• NATURAL COMMUNITY NATURAL COMMUNITY “SWAMP” Food chains
• THE MEANING OF SWAMPS FOR PEOPLE THE MEANING OF SWAMPS FOR PEOPLE
• Swamps are like huge filters that purify the water.

The remains of dead plants, decomposing at the bottom without air access, turn into peat. Swamps are natural reservoirs of water.

Peat is a fuel, fertilizer, bedding for animals, and a raw material for chemical plants.Swamps are places where plants and animals live.

RESERVES OF RUSSIA RESERVES OF RUSSIA ELOSINY ISLAND RESERVES OF RUSSIA RESERVES OF RUSSIA DARWIN RESERVE RESERVES OF RUSSIA RESERVES OF RUSSIA NURGUSH

Meadows are used for haymaking and grazing. The most valuable hay is obtained from those meadows where more than half of all plants in the community are tall cereals and leguminous grasses. In areas of meadows where livestock graze, the grass is low. There are many rosette and creeping plants here that are resistant to trampling.

Swamps - these are communities located on land areas that are excessively moistened by standing or flowing waters, occupied by plants that can develop at high humidity.

Swamps arise either when lakes become overgrown, at the bottom of which peat is formed from dead plants, or when land is swamped, if green mosses and sphagnums settle on the soil.

In the first case, the lake, if its shores are not deep, will be overgrown at the edges with reeds, reeds, sedges and other plants. Their stems and leaves, dying by winter, accumulate peat at the bottom of lakes. The lakes become shallow and gradually turn into continuous grassy swamps. If the lake near the shore is deep, then a carpet of floating plants forms on its surface - cinquefoil, watchwort, whitewing and others.

The carpet of intertwined stems of these plants sways under the weight of a person, which is dangerous and should not be stepped on.

Mosses settle on such a peculiar carpet. The lower parts of the mosses, dying, fall to the bottom and gradually fill the entire lake. The lake thus turns into a swamp.

Plants that settle on peat do not come into contact with the soil with their underground organs, which leads to a depletion of their mineral nutrition. Only plants for which such mineral nutrition is sufficient survive. A new plant community is created from marsh shrubs and a few species of herbaceous plants: cotton grass, cotton grass, marsh myrtle, sundew, blueberry, wild rosemary, cranberry, sedge.

A different plant community appears in those swamps where plant roots reach the ground. Many plants of such swamps are of significant size, such as cattails, horsetails, reeds and others.

The number of plant species inhabiting bog plant communities is quite diverse. They grow here different types sedge, rush grass, water plantain, umbelliferous parasol, long-leafed buttercup, marigold, bristle grass, loosestrife, species of burberry, cinquefoil and many others.

The water in swamps is cold and only heats up from the surface. The water is especially cold in the depths of the swamp, since the peat almost does not allow solar heat to pass through. Plant roots do not absorb well cold water and, being in water, suffer from its lack. Plants also suffer from lack of air, because the swamp soil is poor in it. Therefore, only a few plants are well adapted to life in the swamp.

A special group consists ofpond plants.They have a number of characteristics associated with life in water. Thus, the roots and rhizomes of many aquatic plants have a special tissue with cavities for storing air.

Submerged organs have an enlarged outer surface, which is created by cutting leaves into numerous lobes, as in hornwort and water buttercup, or by forming braid-like leaves, as in pondweeds. This structure of the organs facilitates and increases the access of oxygen to the plant from air-depleted water.

Coastal plants grow near the very shore of a pond or lake: chastuha, susak, sedge, buttercups. Further, at shallow depths, reeds and reeds settle. Their roots and lower parts of the stems are usually submerged in water, while the upper parts form tall thickets. Even further away, at a much greater depth, aquatic plants with floating leaves grow. These are a water lily with white flowers and a water lily with yellow flowers.

At great depths in the water there live many different algae, including flowering algae - hornwort and narrow-leaved pondweed.

Ponds are inhabited by small flowering plants that float freely on the surface of the water. These are duckweed and bladderwrack.

The purpose of the excursion is to get acquainted with the species composition, morphobiological characteristics of aquatic and coastal plants and the nature of their distribution in the reservoir, and the characteristics of the habitat.

SWAMP

A swamp is a plant community composed of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or standing water and reduced aeration of the substrate. Swamps are diverse in their method of origin, conditions of existence, and differ from each other in floristic composition. Higher spore plants can be dominants and edificators in swamps.

Swamp as a plant community

The ideas of sedges, sphagnum moss, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries are associated with swamps - plant communities confined to damp and moist soils. Such swamps are called grass swamps. Swamps covered with forest are called forested.

Swamps with abundant growth of moss are called moss. If green mosses predominate, the bog is called hypnum, if sphagnum predominates - sphagnum.

In conditions of waterlogging, insufficient oxygen supply, lower temperature and increased acidity of the substrate, conditions are created that prevent the development of putrefactive aerobic bacteria.

Lowland swamps occur in low parts of the terrain, where excess water accumulates and the area becomes swamped.

Lowland swamps are called mineral swamps. Their soils are rich in mineral and organic substances. Plants use not only groundwater, but also precipitation, and in the floodplains of rivers - the waters of spring floods. The swamps are diverse in floristic composition; settling plants have different life forms.

Grassy swamps are often practically difficult to distinguish from waterlogged meadows, with which they are often connected by numerous transitions.

Transitional swamps represent a transition from lowland to raised swamps. They can occupy very different positions in the terrain.

A significant place in the vegetation of transitional swamps is occupied by sphagnum mosses, cotton grass, and sedges; from shrubs and shrubs - cranberries, blueberries, wild rosemary, bog myrtle; tree species - pine, downy birch.

Raised bogs arise as a result of swamping of land under conditions of weak evaporation of water and the presence of a waterproof layer of soil, when water bodies become overgrown and filled with peat, and in the place of low-lying bogs.

In the raised bog, sphagnum is dominant, which grows abundantly and determines the living conditions for other plants.

Plants of raised bogs are isolated from the soil by a thick peat layer; they live in poor conditions of mineral nutrition and high acidity of the substrate. Blueberries and lingonberries, which are also characteristic of coniferous forests, are constant in the swamp; Blueberries also grow in swampy coniferous forests. Marsh shrubs and shrubs are characterized by a combination of hydro- and xeromorphic structural features. The xeromorphic characteristics of the inhabitants of the swamps are also explained by the poverty of mineral nutrition, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.

Green mosses also live in the raised bog, but their role is usually not great. Lichens can be found in the higher parts of the swamp.

National economic significance of swamps.

Sphagnum peat is an excellent fuel. Many power plants run entirely on peat.

Sphagnum mosses can be used as a dressing material replacing cotton wool.

IN agriculture peat is used as fertilizer, peat humus pots and mulch are prepared from it; peat is used as a preservative and packaging material for storing and transporting fruits, vegetables, meat and other products.

Sphagnum bogs are of great scientific interest. Thanks to the unique ecological conditions of sphagnum bogs, the remains of plants and animals that lived on the surface of the land many years ago are well preserved in peat.

Sometimes traces of various historical cultures are found in the peat layers. Therefore, sphagnum bogs represent an interesting “book” of nature.

The idea of ​​swamps as waste, useless lands is a thing of the past.

However, reclamation work must be carried out taking into account all natural complexes.

T.V. Kurnishkova. Geography of plants with basics of botany.

Slide 1

NATURAL COMMUNITY. SWAMP
MK OOU "Sanatorium boarding school No. 82"
Compiled by E.V. Trapeznikova, primary school teacher

Slide 2

Swamps arise in two main ways: due to waterlogging of the soil or due to overgrowth of water bodies

Slide 3

A swamp (also swamp, bog) is an area of ​​land (or landscape) characterized by excessive moisture, high acidity and low soil fertility, the emergence of standing or flowing groundwater to the surface, but without a permanent layer of water on the surface. A swamp is characterized by the deposition on the soil surface of incompletely decomposed organic matter, which later turns into peat. The peat layer in swamps is at least 30 cm; if less, then these are wetlands. The swamps are integral part hydrosphere. The first swamps on Earth formed at the junction of the Silurian and Devonian 350-400 million years ago.

Slide 4

A prerequisite for the formation of swamps is constant excess moisture. One of the reasons for excess moisture and the formation of a swamp is the peculiarities of the relief - the presence of lowlands where precipitation and groundwater flow; in flat areas, the lack of flow also leads to stagnation of water and the formation of swamps; In addition, the overgrowth of a reservoir leads to the formation of a swamp.

Slide 5

Types of swamps: Lowland - located in low places, typical vegetation - alder, birch, sedge, reed, cattail. Transitional - characterized by birch, pine, sedge, sphagnum mosses. Horse - located on watersheds, the water in them is sharply acidic, the vegetation is larch, wild rosemary, cassandra, cranberry, cotton grass, Scheuchzeria. In turn, they are divided into two types: Forest - covered with low pine, heather shrubs, and sphagnum. Ridge-hollows are similar to forest ones, but are covered with peat hummocks and there are practically no trees on them.

Slide 6

Slide 7

Overgrowing of the reservoir. Formation of raised bog.

Slide 8

raised bog

Slide 9

Transitional swamp

Slide 10

lowland swamp

Slide 11

Sphagnum
Due to its low thermal conductivity, it is used in construction as an insulating material in the form of plates or powder made from this peat; also a deodorizing agent. Some peoples consider sphagnum a suitable material for warm diapers with which they cover their children in winter.

Slide 12

Ledum
Along with the tar essential oil Ledum can be used in leather processing; it can be used in soap making and perfumery, as well as in the textile industry as a fixative. The smell of fresh leaves and branches of wild rosemary repels blood-sucking insects and protects fur and wool from moths.

Slide 13

Furniture is stuffed with hare sedge. Hunters place bubbly sedge in their shoes to prevent the soles from denting. In the Altai Mountains, foot-shaped, low and graceful sedge, when dried, was used to stuff mattresses and pillows, they were used to wrap legs instead of footcloths and put them in shoes instead of insoles, and during construction they were placed in grooves between logs instead of tow or moss. All large sedges have durable fiber and can be used for weaving bags, mats, mats
Sedge

Slide 14

Cranberry
Cranberries are used in the preparation of fruit drinks, juices, kvass, extracts, jelly, and are good sources of vitamins. The leaves can be consumed as tea.
The berries are used as an antiscorbutic remedy for colds, rheumatism, sore throat, and vitamin deficiencies.

Slide 15

Blueberry berries and juice - dietary product, enhancing metabolism and the effect of sugar-lowering drugs. Berries strengthen the walls of blood vessels, normalize the functioning of the digestive organs and heart.
Blueberry

Slide 16

Cloudberry is a source of useful, healing substances; So, there is three times more vitamin C in cloudberries than in oranges
Cloudberry

Slide 17

Cotton grass
Puffs were used for stuffing pillows, in paper production, for making wicks, tinder, hats, as an admixture with sheep wool in the manufacture of cloth fabrics or with cotton, silk in the manufacture of cotton, silk fabrics, etc.

Slide 18

In scientific medicine, perfumery and Food Industry Calamus oil extracted from rhizomes is used (its content in rhizomes reaches 4.5%). IN folk medicine, as well as for culinary purposes (for flavoring food products), raw and dried rhizomes and leaves are used. The rhizomes of calamus, dried and candied, were considered a delicacy back in the 19th century.
Air

Slide 19

Aquatic insectivorous plants, devoid of roots and bearing more or less numbers of trapping vesicles. Each bubble is equipped with a hole closed by a valve that opens inward, as a result of which small aquatic animals can freely penetrate into the bubble, but cannot come back out. When they die, they serve as food for the plant.
Pemphigus

Slide 20

Sundew

Slide 21

All sundews are carnivorous plants. The sticky substance produced by the leaves contains the alkaloid coniine, which has a paralytic effect on insects, and digestive enzymes. Once the insect is caught, the edges of the leaf close, enveloping it entirely. The speed of leaf curling in some sundew species is quite significant. This method of feeding the plant allows, in conditions of depleted soils, to absorb from the insect during its digestion such substances as are useful for the plant, such as salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen. After the insect has digested (usually taking several days), the leaf opens again. The leaf folding mechanism is selective and reacts only to organic food, while accidental impacts in the form of a drop of water or a fallen leaf do not trigger the digestive process.

Slide 22

sundew leaf

Slide 23

Frog

Slide 24

Slide 25

The appearance of beavers in rivers and especially their construction of dams has a beneficial effect on the ecology of aquatic and riverine biotopes. Numerous mollusks and aquatic insects settle in the resulting spill, which in turn attract muskrats and waterfowl. Birds on their feet bring fish eggs. The fish, once in favorable conditions, begin to reproduce. Trees felled by beavers serve as food for hares and many ungulates, which gnaw the bark from the trunks and branches. The sap that flows from undermined trees in the spring is loved by butterflies and ants, followed by birds. Beavers are protected by muskrats; muskrats often live in their huts along with their owners. Dams help purify water, reducing its turbidity; silt lingers in them.