The historical process is a consistent series of successive events in which the activities of many generations of people were manifested. The historical process is universal; it covers all manifestations of human life from obtaining “daily bread” to studying planetary phenomena. The real world is populated by people, their communities, therefore the reflection of the historical process should be, according to N. Karamzin’s definition, “a mirror of the existence and activity of peoples.” The basis, the “living tissue” of the historical process is events, that is, certain past or passing phenomena, facts of social life. He studies this entire endless series of events in their unique appearance inherent in each of them.

historical science. There is another branch of social science that studies the historical process - philosophy of history. It seeks to reveal the general nature of the historical process, the most general laws, the most significant relationships in history. This is an area of ​​philosophy that studies the internal logic of the development of society, cleared of zigzags and accidents. Some questions of the philosophy of history (meaning and direction social development

) were reflected in the previous paragraph, others (problems of progress) will be revealed in the next one. This section examines the types of social dynamics, factors and driving forces of historical development.

Types of Social Dynamics The historical process is society in dynamics, that is, in movement, change, development. The last three words are not synonyms. In any society, people carry out a variety of activities and perform their tasks. government bodies , various institutions and associations: in other words, society lives and moves. In everyday activities, established social relations retain their qualitative characteristics; society as a whole does not change its character. This manifestation of the process can be called functioning society. This is the transition of certain social objects from one state to another, the appearance of new properties, functions, relationships in them, i.e. modifications in social organization, social institutions, social structure, patterns of behavior established in society. Changes that lead to deep, qualitative shifts in society, transformations of social connections, the transition of the entire social system to a new state are called social development. Philosophers and sociologists consider different types of social dynamics. The most common type is considered linear motion as an ascending or descending line of social development. This type is associated with the concepts of progress and regression, which will be discussed in the following lessons. Cyclic type combines the processes of emergence, flourishing and collapse of social systems that have a certain length in time, after which they cease to exist. You were introduced to this type of social dynamics in previous classes. Third, spiral type is associated with the recognition that the course of history can return a particular society to a previously passed state, but characteristic not of the immediately preceding stage, but of an earlier one. At the same time, the features characteristic of a long-gone state seem to be returning, but at a higher level of social development, at a new qualitative level. It is believed that the spiral type is found when reviewing long periods of the historical process, with a large-scale approach to history. Let's look at an example. You probably remember from your history course that a common form of manufacturing was dispersed manufacturing. Industrial development led to the concentration of workers in large factories. And in the conditions of the information society, there is a return to working at home: everything larger number workers perform their duties on personal computers without leaving home. In science there were supporters of recognizing one or another of the named options for historical development. But there is a point of view according to which linear, cyclical, and spiral processes appear in history. They appear not as parallel or replacing each other, but as interconnected aspects of an integral historical process. Evolution is gradual, continuous changes, transforming one into another without jumps or breaks. Evolution is contrasted with the concept of “revolution,” which characterizes abrupt, qualitative changes. A social revolution is a radical qualitative revolution in all social structure societies: deep, radical changes covering the economy, politics, and spiritual sphere. In contrast to evolution, a revolution is characterized by a rapid, spasmodic transition to a qualitatively new state of society, a rapid transformation of the basic structures of the social system. As a rule, a revolution leads to the replacement of an old social system with a new one. The transition to a new system can be carried out both in relatively peaceful forms and in violent ones. Their ratio depends on specific historical conditions. Revolutions were often accompanied by destructive and cruel actions and bloody sacrifices. There are different assessments of revolutions. Some scientists and politicians point out their negative features and dangers associated both with the use of violence against a person and with the violent rupture of the very “fabric” of social life - social relations. Others call revolutions “locomotives of history.” (Based on knowledge from the history course, determine your assessment of this form of social change.) When considering the forms of social change, we should remember the role of reforms. You came across the concept of “reform” in your history course. Most often, social reform is the reorganization of any aspect of social life (institutions, institutions, orders, etc.) while maintaining the existing social system. This is a type of evolutionary change that does not change the fundamentals of the system. Reforms are usually carried out “from above”, by the ruling forces. The scale and depth of reforms characterize the dynamics inherent in society. At the same time modern science

recognizes the possibility of implementing a system of deep reforms that can become an alternative to revolution, prevent it or replace it. Such reforms, revolutionary in scope and consequences, can lead to a radical renewal of society, avoiding shocks associated with spontaneous manifestations of violence inherent in social revolutions.

The historical process is a consistent series of successive events in which the activities of many generations of people were manifested. The historical process is universal, it covers all manifestations of human life from the production of “daily bread” to the study of planetary phenomena. The real world is populated by people, their communities, therefore, the reflection of the historical process should be, according to N. Karamzin’s definition, “a mirror of the existence and activity of peoples.” The basis, the “living tissue” of the historical process, is The real world is populated by people, their communities, therefore the reflection of the historical process should be, according to N. Karamzin’s definition, “a mirror of the existence and activity of peoples.” The basis, the “living tissue” of the historical process is that is, certain past or passing phenomena, facts of social life. He studies this entire endless series of events in their unique appearance inherent in each of them. historical science.

There is another branch of social science that studies the historical process - There is another branch of social science that studies the historical process - It seeks to reveal the general nature of the historical process, the most general laws, the most significant relationships in history. This is an area of ​​philosophy that studies the internal logic of the development of society, cleared of zigzags and accidents. Some questions of the philosophy of history (the meaning and direction of social development) were reflected in the previous paragraph, others (problems of progress) will be revealed in the next. This section examines the types of social dynamics, factors and driving forces of historical development.

TYPES OF SOCIAL DYNAMICS

The historical process is society in dynamics, that is, in movement, change, development. The last three words are not synonyms. In any society, diverse activities of people are carried out, government bodies, various institutions and associations carry out their tasks; in other words, society lives and moves. In everyday activities, established social relations retain their qualitative characteristics; society as a whole does not change its character.
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This manifestation of the process can be called , various institutions and associations: in other words, society lives and moves. In everyday activities, established social relations retain their qualitative characteristics; society as a whole does not change its character. This manifestation of the process can be called society. Social society. This is the transition of certain social objects from one state to another, the appearance of new properties, functions, relationships in them, i.e. modifications in social organization, social institutions, social structure, patterns of behavior established in society. Changes that lead to deep, qualitative changes in society, transformations of social connections, and the transition of the entire social system to a new state are called social development. Philosophers and sociologists consider Various types social dynamics. The most common type is considered The most common type is considered as an ascending or descending line of social development. This type is associated with the concepts of progress and regression, which will be discussed in the following lessons. as an ascending or descending line of social development. This type is associated with the concepts of progress and regression, which will be discussed in the following lessons. combines the processes of emergence, flourishing and collapse of social systems that have a certain length in time, after which they cease to exist. You were introduced to this type of social dynamics in previous classes. Third, combines the processes of emergence, flourishing and collapse of social systems that have a certain length in time, after which they cease to exist. You were introduced to this type of social dynamics in previous classes. Third, is associated with the recognition that the course of history can return a particular society to a previously passed state, but characteristic not of the immediately preceding stage, but of an earlier one. At the same time, the features characteristic of a long-gone state seem to be returning, but at a higher level of social development, at a new qualitative level. It is believed that the spiral type is found when reviewing long periods of the historical process, with a large-scale approach to history. Let's look at an example. You probably remember from your history course that a common form of manufacturing was dispersed manufacturing. Industrial development led to the concentration of workers in large factories. And in the conditions of the information society, there is a return to working from home; an increasing number of workers perform their duties at personal computers, without leaving home. In science there were supporters of recognizing one or another of the named options for historical development. But there is a point of view according to which linear, cyclical, and spiral processes appear in history. They appear not as parallel or replacing each other, but as interconnected aspects of an integral historical process. Social change can occur in different workers perform their duties on personal computers without leaving home. You are familiar with the words “evolution” and “revolution”. Let us clarify their philosophical meaning. Evolution is gradual, continuous changes, transforming one into another without jumps or breaks. Evolution is contrasted with the concept of “revolution,” which characterizes abrupt, qualitative changes. A social revolution is a fundamental qualitative revolution in the entire social structure of society˸ deep, radical changes covering the economy, politics, and spiritual sphere. In contrast to evolution, a revolution is characterized by a rapid, spasmodic transition to a qualitatively new state of society, a rapid transformation of the basic structures of the social system. As a rule, a revolution leads to the replacement of an old social system with a new one. The transition to a new system can be carried out both in relatively peaceful forms and in violent ones. Their ratio depends on specific historical conditions. Revolutions were often accompanied by destructive and cruel actions and bloody sacrifices. There are different assessments of revolutions. Some scientists and politicians point out their negative features and dangers associated with both the use of violence against a person and the violent rupture of the “fabric” itself. social life- public relations. Others call revolutions “locomotives of history.” (Based on knowledge from the history course, determine your assessment of this form of social change.) When considering the forms of social change, we should remember the role of reforms. You came across the concept of “reform” in your history course. Most often, social reform is the reorganization of any aspect of social life (institutions, institutions, orders, etc.) while maintaining the existing social system. This is a type of evolutionary change that does not change the fundamentals of the system. Reforms are usually carried out “from above”, by the ruling forces. The scale and depth of reforms characterize the dynamics inherent in society. At the same time, modern science recognizes the possibility of implementing a system of deep reforms that could become an alternative to revolution, prevent it or replace it. Such reforms, revolutionary in their scope and consequences, can lead to a radical renewal of society, avoiding the shocks associated with spontaneous manifestations of violence inherent in social revolutions.

Historical process - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Historical process" 2015, 2017-2018.

, united by some basic ideological principles;

- philosophical...

The historical process is a consistent series of successive events in which the activities of many generations of people were manifested.
Historical facts are the basis of the historical process:
any historical fact is an element of objective reality, closely related to other elements. Every historical fact influences the subsequent development of society;

The content of the fact of the historical process is the result of the activities of the subjects of historical society.

The subjects of the historical process are individuals and their communities that take a direct part in it (for example, the masses, social groups and public associations).

The masses are social communities that have developed in a certain territory, whose members have a common mentality, culture, traditions and customs and together create material and spiritual values.

Signs of social groups - age, gender, professional, religious, etc. The most common social groups are classes, estates and nations.

Individual personalities – historical figures – also influence the historical process.

The historical process consists of the actions of both individuals and the actions of associations of people and the activities of the masses as a whole. Stages of human history and the spiritual sphere of society is a superstructure that is entirely dependent on the method of production. The driving force of historical development is the contradictions of productive forces and production relations, antagonistic classes and class struggle, which inevitably leads to social revolution.

Usually the formational approach to the study of society is contrasted with the civilizational one. Their differences can be reduced to the following lines of comparison:

Formational approach

The main attention is paid to the study of objective, human-independent patterns of development.
The decisive role in the history of society is given to material factors, primarily production.
Society is seen as a movement from a lower stage of development to a higher one.

Civilizational approach

The focus of the study is man. Society is viewed through the forms and products of labor, social, political and other activities.
The worldview, the system of highest spiritual values, and the core of culture are of decisive importance.
Society is a collection of civilizations, each of which is unique, progress is relative.

The goal of the historical process in Marxism is communism - a society in which there will be no social inequality, the slogan of which will be: “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.” K. Marx identified five socio-economic formations: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist (its first stage is socialism). One of the main features of this theory of socio-economic development is the conviction that all humanity naturally goes through certain steps (stages) of development.

There are different points of view on the problem of the relationship between civilizational and formational (stage-based) approaches to the development of society:

each type of civilization should be considered as independent, having its own stages of development, there is no need to try to drive civilizations into a Procrustean bed of stages (for example, in the development of Russian civilization there has never been a slaveholding stage, the feudal and capitalist stages of development chronologically do not coincide with Western European ones and have specific features);
The formational approach reflects the global nature of changes in human history. Within each formational model, individual local civilizations can be distinguished (for example, within the framework of the slave-owning socio-economic formation there were ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Hellenistic civilizations, etc.);
stable civilizations in their spatial framework are, as it were, dissected by formational eras with their chronological framework. For all its dissimilarity, each civilization goes through universal stages, identified taking into account a whole complex of economic, social, political, spiritual factors (for example, within the framework of the development of Russian civilization, the stages of feudalism, capitalism, and modern society are distinguished).
The main traditionally identified stages of human history:

stage - primitiveness (approximately 3 - 2.5 million years ago - 4th millennium BC) - primitive communal socio-economic formation, pre-agrarian, traditional society of hunters and gatherers. It is characterized by the appropriating nature of the economy, the complete dependence of man on nature, “primitive communism”, where inequality in the distribution of goods is determined by gender and age differences, the dominance of the collectivist principle over the individual, the absence of a state and written culture.
stage – antiquity (approximately 4th millennium BC – 5th century AD) – slave-owning socio-economic formation, pre-industrial (agrarian), traditional society, cosmogenic civilization. At this time, several local civilizations emerged and coexisted.
stage - the Middle Ages (approximately V -X V centuries) - feudal socio-economic formation, agrarian, traditional society, cosmogenic civilization. Within this stage, several local civilizations coexist (Western European medieval, Byzantine, Arab, etc.) with their own value system. This stage is characterized by an agrarian-craft society with a tendency towards naturalization of the economy. The land, as a rule, is conditionally owned by a social group of professional warriors (feudal lords), but is cultivated by the peasantry, which is dependent on them. There is a rigid class-hierarchical structure of society, based on the dominance of personal connections. In the political sphere, the existence of large empires is replaced by feudal-fragmented states. In the spiritual sphere, religious dogmas dominate.
stage - modern times (approximately the beginning of the 16th - beginning of the 20th century) - capitalist socio-economic formation, modernization (transition from agrarian, traditional to industrial), from the 19th century - industrial society, technogenic civilization. In Europe, the boundary between the Middle Ages and modern times is the era of Humanism and Reformation (XV - XVI centuries). At this time it is formed new system values ​​based on the emancipation of the individual, the ideals of freedom, the desire for success, and the new Protestant work ethic. The process of initial accumulation of capital and the emergence of the first capitalist enterprises (manufactures) occurring at the same time contributed to the formation of new European (Western) civilization. This civilization, expanding its geographical scope, becomes an industrial civilization.
stage - modernity, modern times(beginning of the 20th century - beginning of the 21st century) - capitalist socio-economic formation (in the USSR - socialism, as the first phase of the communist socio-economic formation), industrial society (from the second half of the 20th century in developed countries - post-industrial society), technogenic and anthropogenic civilization. Within this stage there are local civilizations (Western European, American, Russian, Latin American, Indo-Buddhist, Far Eastern Confucian, Arab-Islamic, etc.) The core of this stage is post-industrial society. Here, computerization and the ever-accelerating flow of information leads to the transformation of a commodity-producing economy into a service economy, class division gives way to professional division, the main criterion of social inequality becomes not property, but the level of education and knowledge, there is a priority of individual rights (Western European countries, the USA).

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“Russian civilization” - Attitude to property. Traditional culture. My mind is dull and my wallet is tight. Attitude to the West. Features of Russian civilization. They proved the fact. Explosion culture. Causes. He will have fun and forget. The extensive nature of the development of society. Ascetic ideal. The meaning of proverbs. Eschatological perception of the world. Attitude to power. Features of the Russian civilizational community. Community.

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“Questions on social studies” 10th grade” - The main content of the subject and phenomenon. An indicator of a certain level of reliability. Gradual, continuous changes. Section of philosophy. Known object. During the classes. Analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison. A sequential series of successive events. The set of all methods of interaction. Legality. The immaterial principle in man. Objectivity. A conscious image of the anticipated result.

Historical process - This is a consistent series of successive events in which the activities of many generations of people were manifested.

The historical process is universal; it covers all manifestations of human life from obtaining “daily bread” to studying planetary phenomena.
The real world is populated by people, their communities, therefore the reflection of the historical process should be, according to N. Karamzin’s definition, “a mirror of the existence and activity of peoples.” The basis, the “living tissue” of the historical process is The real world is populated by people, their communities, therefore the reflection of the historical process should be, according to N. Karamzin’s definition, “a mirror of the existence and activity of peoples.” The basis, the “living tissue” of the historical process is that is, certain past or passing phenomena, facts of social life. He studies this entire endless series of events in their unique appearance inherent in each of them. historical science.

There is another branch of social science that studies the historical process - philosophy of history. It seeks to reveal the general nature of the historical process, the most general laws, the most significant relationships in history. This is an area of ​​philosophy that studies the internal logic of the development of society, cleared of zigzags and accidents. Some questions of the philosophy of history (the meaning and direction of social development) were reflected in the previous paragraph, others (problems of progress) will be revealed in the next. This section examines the types of social dynamics, factors and driving forces of historical development.

TYPES OF SOCIAL DYNAMICS

The historical process is society in dynamics, that is, in movement, change, development. The last three words are not synonyms. In any society, diverse activities of people are carried out, government bodies, various institutions and associations carry out their tasks: in other words, society lives and moves. In everyday activities, established social relations retain their qualitative characteristics; society as a whole does not change its character. This manifestation of the process can be called , various institutions and associations: in other words, society lives and moves. In everyday activities, established social relations retain their qualitative characteristics; society as a whole does not change its character. This manifestation of the process can be called society.

Social changes - This is the transition of certain social objects from one state to another, the appearance of new properties, functions, relationships in them, i.e. modifications in social organization, social institutions, social structure, patterns of behavior established in society.

Changes that lead to deep, qualitative changes in society, transformations of social connections, and the transition of the entire social system to a new state are called social development.

Philosophers and sociologists consider various types of social dynamics. The most common type is considered The most common type is considered as an ascending or descending line of social development. This type is associated with the concepts of progress and regression, which will be discussed in the following lessons. as an ascending or descending line of social development. This type is associated with the concepts of progress and regression, which will be discussed in the following lessons. combines the processes of emergence, flourishing and collapse of social systems that have a certain length in time, after which they cease to exist.

You were introduced to this type of social dynamics in previous classes. Third, combines the processes of emergence, flourishing and collapse of social systems that have a certain length in time, after which they cease to exist. You were introduced to this type of social dynamics in previous classes. Third, is associated with the recognition that the course of history can return a particular society to a previously passed state, but characteristic not of the immediately preceding stage, but of an earlier one. At the same time, the features characteristic of a long-gone state seem to be returning, but at a higher level of social development, at a new qualitative level. It is believed that the spiral type is found when reviewing long periods of the historical process, with a large-scale approach to history.

Let's look at an example. You probably remember from your history course that a common form of manufacturing was dispersed manufacturing. Industrial development led to the concentration of workers in large factories. And in the conditions of the information society, there is a return to working from home: an increasing number of workers perform their duties on personal computers without leaving home.

In science there were supporters of recognizing one or another of the named options for historical development. But there is a point of view according to which linear, cyclical, and spiral processes appear in history. They appear not as parallel or replacing each other, but as interconnected aspects of an integral historical process.

Social change can occur in different workers perform their duties on personal computers without leaving home. You are familiar with the words “evolution” and “revolution”. Let us clarify their philosophical meaning.

Evolution - these are gradual, continuous changes, transforming one into another without jumps or breaks.

Evolution is contrasted with the concept of “revolution,” which characterizes abrupt, qualitative changes.

A social revolution is a radical qualitative revolution in the entire social structure of society:

Deep, radical changes covering the economy, politics, and spiritual sphere. In contrast to evolution, a revolution is characterized by a rapid, spasmodic transition to a qualitatively new state of society, a rapid transformation of the basic structures of the social system. As a rule, a revolution leads to the replacement of an old social system with a new one. The transition to a new system can be carried out both in relatively peaceful forms and in violent ones.

Their ratio depends on specific historical conditions. Revolutions were often accompanied by destructive and cruel actions and bloody sacrifices. There are different assessments of revolutions. Some scientists and politicians point out their negative features and dangers associated both with the use of violence against a person and with the violent rupture of the very “fabric” of social life - social relations. Others call revolutions “locomotives of history.” (Based on knowledge from your history course, determine your assessment of this form of social change.)

When considering the forms of social change, we should remember the role of reforms. You came across the concept of “reform” in your history course. Most often, social reform is the reorganization of any aspect of social life (institutions, institutions, orders, etc.) while maintaining the existing social system. This is a type of evolutionary change that does not change the fundamentals of the system. Reforms are usually carried out “from above”, by the ruling forces. The scale and depth of reforms characterize the dynamics inherent in society.

At the same time, modern science recognizes the possibility of implementing a system of deep reforms that could become an alternative to revolution, prevent it or replace it. Such reforms, revolutionary in their scope and consequences, can lead to a radical renewal of society, avoiding the shocks associated with spontaneous manifestations of violence inherent in social revolutions.

FACTORS OF CHANGE IN SOCIETY

The word “factor” means the cause, the driving force of the historical process, determining its character or individual features. Exist various classifications factors influencing the development of society. One of them highlights natural, technological and spiritual factors.

French educator of the 18th century. C. Montesquieu, who believed natural factors determining, believed that climatic conditions determine the individual characteristics of a person, his character and inclinations. In countries with fertile soil, the spirit of dependence is easier to establish, since people engaged in agriculture have no time to think about freedom. And in countries with cold climates, people think more about their freedom than about the harvest. From such reasoning, conclusions were drawn about the nature political power, laws, trade, etc.

Other thinkers explained the movement of society spiritual factor:"Ideas rule the world." Some of them believed that these were the ideas of critically thinking individuals who created ideal projects for social order. And the German philosopher G. Hegel wrote that history is ruled by “world reason.”

Another point of view was that human activities can be scientifically explained by studying the role material factors. The importance of material production in the development of society was substantiated by K. Marx. He drew attention to the fact that before engaging in philosophy, politics, art, people must eat, drink, dress, have a home, and therefore produce all this. Changes in production, according to Marx, entail changes in other areas of life. The development of society is ultimately determined by the material and economic interests of people.

Many scientists today believe that it is possible to find the determining factor in the movement of society by isolating it from others. In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century. they recognized this factor technique And technology. They associated the transition of society to a new quality with the “computer revolution”, the development of information technologies, the consequences of which are manifested in economics, politics, and culture.

The views presented above are opposed by the position of scientists who deny the possibility of explaining historical changes by any one factor. They explore the interaction of a variety of causes and conditions of development. For example, the German scientist M. Weber argued that the spiritual factor plays no less a role than the economic one, and that important historical changes took place under the influence of both. (Based on the history course you have studied, determine your attitude to the considered views on the factors of social change. Which explanation seems most convincing to you?)

These factors have an active influence on activities of people. Everyone who carries out this activity are subjects of the historical process: individuals, various social communities, their organizations, great personalities. There is another point of view: without denying that history is the result of the activities of individuals and their communities, a number of scientists believe that only those who are aware of their place in society, are guided by socially significant goals and participate in the struggle rise to the level of the subject of the historical process for their implementation.