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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14 (26), 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.” He divided the entire set of reflexes into two groups: conditioned and unconditioned.

Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's ancestors on the paternal and maternal lines were clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church. Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother Varvara Ivanovna (née Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).[* 1]

After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In his last year of seminary he read small book“Reflexes of the Brain” by Professor I.M. Sechenov, which turned his whole life upside down. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminar students were limited in the choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission he transferred to the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (he specialized in animal physiology with I. F. Tsion and F. V. Ovsyannikov ). Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, worked a lot on nervous regulation. Because of intrigues, Sechenov had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university. His chair at the Medical-Surgical Academy was taken by Ilya Faddeevich Tsion, and Pavlov adopted Tsion’s masterful surgical technique. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to obtaining a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice pouring out of the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I.P. Pavlov sewed the skin and mucous membranes together in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with plugs, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which is exactly what happened he did it on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food did not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of reflexes for the release of gastric juice. Over the course of 10 years, Pavlov essentially re-created the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a report at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for research into the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I. P. Pavlov first formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not entirely successfully translated into English as unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, instead of conditional) have become the main concepts of the science of behavior, see also classical conditioning (English) Russian.

There is a strong opinion that in the years Civil War and war communism Pavlov, enduring poverty, lack of funding scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build such an institute as Pavlov wanted. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere.

This was refuted by the historian V.D. Esakov, who found and published Pavlov’s correspondence with the authorities, where he describes how he desperately fights for existence in the hungry Petrograd of 1920. He has an extremely negative assessment of the development of the situation in new Russia and asks to let him and his employees go abroad. In response, the Soviet government is trying to take measures that should change the situation, but they are not completely successful.

Then a corresponding decree of the Soviet government followed, and an institute was built for Pavlov in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.

Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in the city of Leningrad. The cause of death is listed as pneumonia or poison.

Stages of life

In 1875, Pavlov entered the 3rd year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, Military Medical Academy), and at the same time (1876-1878) worked in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich; After graduating from the Military Medical Academy (1879), he was left as head of the physiological laboratory at the clinic of S. P. Botkin. Pavlov thought very little about material well-being and before his marriage did not pay any attention to everyday problems. Poverty began to oppress him only after in 1881 he married Rostovite Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. They met in St. Petersburg in the late 70s. Pavlov's parents did not approve of this marriage, firstly, due to Serafima Vasilievna's Jewish origin, and secondly, by that time they had already chosen a bride for their son - the daughter of a wealthy St. Petersburg official. But Ivan insisted on his own and, without receiving parental consent, he and Serafima went to get married in Rostov-on-Don, where her sister lived. The wife's relatives gave money for their wedding. The Pavlovs lived very crampedly for the next ten years. Younger brother Ivan Petrovich, Dmitry, who worked as an assistant to Mendeleev and had a government apartment, allowed the newlyweds to visit him.

Pavlov visited Rostov-on-Don and lived for several years twice: in 1881 after his wedding and, together with his wife and son, in 1887. Both times Pavlov stayed in the same house, at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. The house has survived to this day. There is a memorial plaque on the façade.

1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral dissertation “On the centrifugal nerves of the heart.”
1884-1886 - was sent abroad to improve his knowledge to Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in the laboratories of W. Wundt, R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
1890 - elected professor of pharmacology in Tomsk and head of the department of pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the department of physiology, which he headed until 1924. At the same time (since 1890) Pavlov was head of the physiological laboratory at the then-organized Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1904 - Pavlov is awarded the Nobel Prize for his many years of research into the mechanisms of digestion.
1925 - until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1935 - at the 14th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned with the honorary title of “elder physiologists of the world.” Neither before nor after him, no biologist has received such an honor.
1936 - February 27, Pavlov dies of pneumonia. He was buried on the Literary Bridges of the Volkov Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Cotenius Medal (1903)
Nobel Prize (1904)
Copley Medal (1915)
Croonian Lecture (1928)

Collecting

I. P. Pavlov collected beetles and butterflies, plants, books, stamps and works of Russian painting. I. S. Rosenthal recalled Pavlov’s story, which happened on March 31, 1928:

My first collecting began with butterflies and plants. Next was collecting stamps and paintings. And finally, all the passion turned to science... And now I cannot indifferently pass by a plant or a butterfly, especially those that are well known to me, without holding it in my hands, examining it from all sides, stroking it, or admiring it. And all this gives me a pleasant impression.

In the mid-1890s, in his dining room one could see several shelves hung on the wall with specimens of butterflies he had caught. Coming to Ryazan to visit his father, he devoted a lot of time to hunting insects. In addition, at his request, various native butterflies were brought to him from various medical expeditions.
He placed a butterfly from Madagascar, given for his birthday, at the center of his collection. Not content with these methods of replenishing the collection, he himself raised butterflies from caterpillars collected with the help of the boys.

If Pavlov began collecting butterflies and plants in his youth, then the beginning of collecting stamps is unknown. However, philately has become no less a passion; Once, back in pre-revolutionary times, during a visit to the Institute of Experimental Medicine by a Siamese prince, he complained that his stamp collection lacked Siamese stamps, and a few days later the collection of I.P. Pavlov was already decorated with a series of stamps of the Siamese state. To replenish the collection, all acquaintances who received correspondence from abroad were involved.

Collecting books was unique: on the birthday of each of the six family members, a collection of works by a writer was bought as a gift.

The collection of paintings by I. P. Pavlov began in 1898, when he bought a portrait of his five-year-old son, Volodya Pavlov, from the widow of N. A. Yaroshenko; Once upon a time, the artist was amazed by the boy’s face and persuaded his parents to allow him to pose. The second painting, painted by N. N. Dubovsky, depicting the evening sea in Sillamyagi with a burning fire, was donated by the author. And thanks to her, Pavlov developed a great interest in painting. However, the collection was not replenished for a long time; It was only during the revolutionary times of 1917, when some collectors began to sell the paintings they owned, that Pavlov assembled an excellent collection. It contained paintings by I.E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky and others. According to the story of M. V. Nesterov, with whom Pavlov became acquainted in 1931, Pavlov’s collection of paintings included Lebedev, Makovsky, Berggolts, Sergeev. Currently, part of the collection is presented in Pavlov’s museum-apartment in St. Petersburg, on Vasilyevsky Island. Pavlov understood painting in his own way, endowing the author of the painting with thoughts and plans that he, perhaps, did not have; often, carried away, he began to talk about what he himself would have put into it, and not about what he himself actually saw.

Awards named after I. P. Pavlov

The first award named after the great scientist was the I.P. Pavlov Prize, established by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1934 and awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology. Its first laureate in 1937 was Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, one of Ivan Petrovich’s best students, his like-minded person and associate.

In 1949, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the scientist of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov was established, which is awarded for a set of works on the development of the teachings of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Its peculiarity is that works that have previously been awarded a state prize, as well as personal state prizes, are not accepted for the I. P. Pavlov gold medal. That is, the work performed must be truly new and outstanding. This award was first awarded in 1950 by Konstantin Mikhailovich Bykov for the successful, fruitful development of the legacy of I.P. Pavlov.

In 1974, a commemorative medal was made for the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist.

There is a medal of I.P. Pavlov of the Leningrad Physiological Society.

In 1998, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the birth of I. P. Pavlov, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences established a silver medal named after I. P. Pavlov “For the development of medicine and healthcare.”

In memory of Academician Pavlov, Pavlov readings were held in Leningrad.

The brilliant naturalist was 87 years old when his life was interrupted. Pavlov's death came as a complete surprise to everyone. Despite his advanced age, he was physically very strong, burned with ebullient energy, worked tirelessly, enthusiastically made plans for further work, and, of course, thought least of all about death...
In a letter to I.M. Maisky (USSR Ambassador to England) in October 1935, several months after contracting influenza with complications, Pavlov wrote:
“Damned flu! It knocked down my confidence to live to be a hundred years old. The tail from it still remains, although I still do not allow changes in the distribution and size of my activities.”

MedicInform.net›History of Medicine›Biographies›Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

You have to live 150 years

Pavlov was in good health and never got sick. Moreover, he was convinced that the human body is designed for very long life. “Don’t upset your heart with grief, don’t poison yourself with tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian (99 years),” said the academician. He generally proposed that the death of a person under 150 years of age be considered “violent.”

However, he himself died at the age of 87, and very mysterious death. One day he felt unwell, which he considered “flu-like,” and did not attach any importance to the illness. However, succumbing to the persuasion of his relatives, he nevertheless invited a doctor, and he gave him some kind of injection. After some time, Pavlov realized that he was dying.
By the way, he was treated by Dr. D. Pletnev, who was executed in 1941 for the “incorrect” treatment of Gorky.

Was he poisoned by the NKVD?

The unexpected death of an old, but still quite strong academician, caused a wave of rumors that his death could be “accelerated.” Note that this happened in 1936, on the eve of the Great Purge. Even then, the former pharmacist Yagoda created the famous “laboratory of poisons” to eliminate political opponents.

In addition, Pavlov’s public statements against Soviet power were well known to everyone. They said that he was then almost the only person in the USSR who was not afraid to do this openly and actively spoke out in defense of the innocently repressed. In Petrograd, supporters of Zinoviev, who ruled there, openly threatened the brave scientist: “After all, we can hurt you, Mr. Professor! - they promised. However, the communists did not dare to arrest the world-famous Nobel Prize laureate.

Outwardly, Pavlov’s death strongly resembles the same strange death of another great Petersburger, Academician Bekhterev, who discovered Stalin’s paranoia.
He, too, was quite strong and healthy, although old, but he died just as quickly after being visited by “Kremlin” doctors. The historian of physiology Yaroshevsky wrote:
“It is quite possible that the NKVD authorities “eased” Pavlov’s suffering.”

Source(http://www.spbdnevnik.ru/?show=article&id=1499)
justsay.ru›zagadka-smerti-akademika-1293

Perhaps every Russian person is very familiar with the surname Pavlov. The great academician is known both for his life and death. Many people are familiar with the story of his death - in the last hours of his life, he called on his best students and, using the example of his body, explained the processes occurring in a dying body. However, there is a version that he was poisoned in 1936 for his political views.

Many experts believe that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the greatest scientist of St. Petersburg, second only to Lomonosov. He was a graduate of St. Petersburg University. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion and circulation. It was he who was the first Russian to become a laureate of this award.

His works on physiology nervous system, and the theory of “conditioned reflexes” became famous throughout the world. Outwardly, he was stern - a thick white beard, a firm face and rather bold statements, both in politics and in science. For many decades, it was by his appearance that many imagined a true Russian scientist. During his life, he received many invitations to the most prestigious world universities, but he did not want to leave his native country.

Even after the Revolution died down, when life was quite difficult for him, like many representatives of the intelligentsia, he did not agree to leave Russia. His home was repeatedly searched, six gold medals were taken, as was the Nobel Prize, which was kept in a Russian bank. But what offended the scientist most of all was not this, but Bukharin’s impudent statement, in which he called the professors robbers. Pavlov was indignant: “Am I the robber?”

There were also moments when Pavlov almost died of hunger. It was at this time that the great academician was visited by his friend the science fiction writer from England, Herbert Wells. And seeing the life of an academician, he was simply horrified. The corner of the office of the genius who received the Nobel Prize was littered with turnips and potatoes, which he grew with his students so as not to die of hunger.

However, over time the situation changed. Lenin personally gave instructions according to which Pavlov began to receive enhanced academic rations. In addition, normal communal conditions were created for him.

But even after all the hardships, Pavlov did not want to leave his country! Although he had such an opportunity - he was allowed to travel abroad. So he visited England, France, Finland, and the USA.

Tainy.net›24726-strannaya…akademika-pavlova.html

The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of death of the Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV according to his FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

16 17 20 32 47 50 60 63 64 78 94 100 119 136 151 154 164 188
P A V L O V I V A N P E T R O V I C H
188 172 171 168 156 141 138 128 125 124 110 94 88 69 52 37 34 24

10 13 14 28 44 50 69 86 101 104 114 138 154 155 158 170 185 188
I V A N P E T R O V I C H P A V L O V
188 178 175 174 160 144 138 119 102 87 84 74 50 34 33 30 18 3

PAVLOV IVAN PETROVICH = 188 = 97-SICK + 91-FLU.

Readers can easily find the numbers 97 and 91 in the upper table if the code of the letter “E”, equal to 6, is divided by 2.

6: 2 = 3. 94 + 3 = 97 = SICK. 88 + 3 = 91 = FLU.

On the other hand, these numbers can be represented as:

188 = 91-DYING + 97-FLU\a\.

188 = 125-DYING FROM... + 63-FLU\a\.

188 = 86-DIES + 102-FROM DISEASE.

Let's look at the columns in the top table:

63 = FLU
______________________
128 = DYING\th

64 = FLU
______________________
125 = DYING BY...

The final decipherment of the code for the FULL NAME of Academician I.P. PAVLOV removes all veils from the mystery of his passing away:

188 = 125-COL + 63-FLU.

DATE OF DEATH code: 02/27/1936. This = 27 + 02 + 19 + 36 = 84.

84 = UNHEALTH \ = END YOUR LIFE \.

188 = 84-UNHEALTH + 104-GRIPPED.

188 = 119-ILLNESS + 69-END.

270 = 104-GOT GRIP + 166-ENDED YOUR LIFE.

Full DATE OF DEATH code = 270-TWENTY-SEVENTH OF FEBRUARY + 55-\19 + 36\-(CODE OF THE YEAR OF DEATH) = 325.

325 = 125-COLD + 200-DEATH FROM FLU.

Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE = 164-EIGHTY + 97-SIX = 261.

261 = DEATH FROM A COLD.

189-EIGHTY W\ is \, DYING FROM FLU - 1-A = 188-(FULL NAME code).

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(1849-1936) - great Russian scientist-physiologist, academician since 1907, Nobel Prize laureate (1904).

I. P. Pavlov received his primary and secondary education at the theological school and seminary in Ryazan (1860-1869). Being strongly influenced by the progressive ideas of Russian revolutionary democrats, as well as the work of I. M. Sechenov “Reflexes of the Brain,” I. P. Pavlov decided to become a natural scientist and entered the natural sciences department in 1870. Faculty of St. Petersburg University. While studying at the university, I.P. Pavlov was simultaneously in the laboratory of prof. I. F. Tsi-ona performed several scientific studies; For the work “On the nerves that control the work in the pancreas” (together with M. M. Afanasyev), I. P. Pavlov was awarded a gold medal (1875). After graduating from the university (1875), I.P. Pavlov entered the third year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (since 1881, the Military Medical Academy). Simultaneously with his studies at the academy, he worked in the laboratory of prof. K. N. Ustimovich; carried out a number of experimental works, for which he was awarded a gold medal (1880). In 1879, I. P. Pavlov graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy and was left with it for improvement; from 1879 at the invitation of S. G1. Botkin worked in physiology for 10 years. laboratories at his clinic, in fact directing all pharmakol. and physiol, research. Constant communication with S.P. Botkin played an important role in the formation of I.P. Pavlov as a scientist.

In 1883, I. P. Pavlov defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine and the following year received the title of private associate professor of the Military Medical Academy. During his second scientific trip abroad (1884-1886, the first was in 1877) he worked in the laboratories of R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig. In 1890, I. P. Pavlov was elected professor of the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1895 of the Department of Physiology, where he worked until 1925. Since 1891, he simultaneously headed the Physiology Department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, organized under his direct participation; He held this position until the end of his life. In 1913, on the initiative of I.P. Pavlov, for research in the field of medicine. n. A special building was built, in which for the first time soundproof chambers (the so-called silence chambers) were equipped for the study of conditioned reflexes.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the work of I. P. Pavlov reached its peak. In January 1921, signed by V.I. Lenin, a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was issued on creating conditions that would ensure the scientific work of I.P. Pavlov. A few years later, his physiol laboratory at the Academy of Sciences was transformed into a physiological institute, and the laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine into the department of physiology; In the village of Koltushi (now the village of Pavlovo) near Leningrad, a biological station was built, which became, in the words of I.P. Pavlov, the capital of conditioned reflexes. The works of I. P. Pavlov received international recognition. I. P. Pavlov was elected a member of 22 academies of sciences - France (1900), USA (1904), Italy (1905), Belgium (1905), Holland (1907), England (1907), Ireland (1917), Germany ( 1925), Spain (1934), etc., an honorary member of numerous domestic and 28 foreign scientific societies; Doctor honoris causa of many domestic universities and 11 universities of other countries. In 1935, at the 15th International Congress of Physiologists (Leningrad - Moscow), I. P. Pavlov was awarded the honorary title of “elder physiologists of the world.”

I.P. Pavlov is one of the most. outstanding representatives of modern natural science, the creator of the materialist doctrine of the higher nervous activity of humans and animals, the founder of the largest physiological school of our time and new approaches and methods of research in physiology. He studied many current problems physiology and medicine, but his most systematic and detailed studies relate to the physiology of the cardiovascular and digestive systems and higher parts of the c. n. p.: they are rightfully considered classic, opening new pages in the relevant sections of physiology and medicine. The results of his research also turned out to be new and valuable on certain issues of the physiology of the endocrine system, comparative physiology, labor physiology and pharmacology.

Being deeply convinced that “for a natural scientist, everything is in the method,” I. P. Pavlov developed in detail and introduced into practice physiol, research method hron, experiment, in its methodological basis based on the need for a multifaceted and thorough study of the functions of the body in natural conditions, in inextricable connection and interaction with the environment. This method brought physiology out of the dead end created by the prevailing long time one-sided analytical method of acute vivisection experiment. Used back in early works I. P. Pavlov on the physiology of blood circulation, the method of hron, experiment was elevated by him to the rank of a new scientific experimental principle in fundamental research in the physiology of digestion and then brought to perfection when studying the functions of the higher parts of the c. n. With.

The scientific creativity of I.P. Pavlov is characterized by the principle of nervism (see), in accordance with the Crimea, all his research was imbued with the idea of ​​​​the decisive role of the nervous system in regulating the functions, condition and activity of all organs and systems of the body. IP Pavlov's long-term research on the physiology and pathology of the large brain can be considered as the logical conclusion and personification of this principle. Being a convinced supporter of the inextricable and mutually beneficial union of physiology and medicine, I. P. Pavlov studied not only normal, but also experimentally disrupted activity of organs and systems, issues of functional pathology, prevention and therapy of emerging painful conditions. g In the initial period of its scientific activity I.P. Pavlov studied issues of physiology of the cardiovascular system, studying Ch. arr. issues of reflex regulation and self-regulation of blood circulation and the nature of the action of centrifugal nerves and the heart. In his experiments, prepared with exceptional care and carried out at a high methodological level, I. P. Pavlov established that any change blood pressure Thanks to the adaptive reflex change in the vascular bed and the activity of the heart, carried out through the internal receptors of the system itself and the vagus nerves, it returns to normal relatively quickly. Through such self-regulation, a relative constancy of the blood pressure level is maintained, which is most favorable for the blood supply to the main vital organs and systems of the body. I. P. Pavlov found that among the centrifugal nerves of the heart, along with nerves that can change the frequency of heart contractions without changing their strength, there are also reinforcing nerves that can change the force of heart contractions without changing their frequency. I.P. Pavlov explained this by the property of these nerves to change the functional state of the heart muscle and improve its trophism. Thus, I. P. Pavlov laid the foundation for the theory of trophic innervation of tissues, which was further developed in the studies of L. A. Orbeli and A. D. Speransky. Research by I. P. Pavlov and his colleagues has proven that the principle of reflex self-regulation is a universal principle of the activity of the cardiovascular and other body systems (see Self-regulation of physiological functions).

A major experimental achievement of I.P. Pavlov was the creation of a new method for studying the activity of the heart using the so-called. cardiopulmonary drug (1886), with the help of which an important discovery for physiology and medicine was made - the release by lung tissue of a substance that prevents blood clotting. The blood circulating through the cardiopulmonary preparation did not clot for a long time, although it flowed through a system of glass and rubber tubes; when blood circulation through the lungs was turned off, the blood quickly clotted. This discovery anticipated the research of foreign scientists by decades, who discovered the same substance in the lungs and liver and called it heparin. In the development of a cardiopulmonary drug, I. P. Pavlov was several years ahead of the English. physiologist E. Starling.

Simultaneously with the study of the cardiovascular system P.P. Pavlov studied the physiology of digestion. These works of his were based on the idea of ​​nervism, by which he understood “a physiological direction that seeks to extend the influence of the nervous system to the greatest possible number of body activities.” However, the study of the regulatory function of the nervous system in the processes of digestion was limited by the methodological capabilities of the physiology of that time. Many physiologists conducted experiments on “chronically operated” animals. However, the operations they performed turned out to be defective either by design, for example, the operation of a small stomach according to Heidenhain, in which an isolated piece of the stomach is deprived of innervation, or by the technique of execution, for example, the Bernard and Ludwig operation to bring out the ducts of the pancreas and salivary glands through cannulas, when the cut, the mouths of the ducts soon became overgrown or were insufficient for an accurate and thorough study of the functions of the proper organ, for example, a gastric fistula according to Basov. It was necessary to raise the technique of these operations to a higher level and re-create a full-fledged method of chronic experimentation. I. P. Pavlov masterfully carried out, with strict adherence to all the rules of asepsis and antisepsis, a whole series of ingenious and delicate surgical operations on dogs - transection of the esophagus in combination with a gastric fistula, the imposition of original fistulas of the ducts of the salivary glands, pancreas and gallbladder and duct, the creation of a complete models of a small stomach, etc. Chron, fistulas provided access to the corresponding deep-lying organs of the digestive system and created the opportunity for a detailed study of their functions without disrupting the innervation, blood supply, nature of work, without changing the connection and interaction between different organs. The famous experiment with imaginary feeding was carried out on esophagotomized animals with chronic, gastric fistula (see). Subsequently, such operations were used by I. P. Pavlov to obtain pure gastric juice.

Having mastered all these methods, I.P. Pavlov, in essence, created anew the physiology of digestion.). For the first time and with utmost clarity, he showed the leading role of the nervous system in the regulation of the digestive process.

I. P. Pavlov studied the dynamics of the secretory process of the gastric, pancreas and salivary glands, the work of the liver when eating food of varying quality, and proved their ability to adapt to the nature of the secretion agents.

An example of the coordination of secretory and motor activity of the organs of the digestive system, identified by I.P. Pavlov, is the process of evacuation of food mass from the stomach into the duodenum. He found that this process is regulated by the reaction of the content duodenum. The presence of acidic contents inhibits evacuation by compressing the pyloric sphincter; when, due to the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile, which have an alkaline reaction, the contents are neutralized and become alkaline, the pyloric sphincter relaxes, the stomach muscles contract and release the next portion of the contents into the intestine.

A major scientific event was the discovery by I. P. Pavlov in the mucous membrane of the duodenum of enterokinase (see) - the first example of an “enzyme of enzymes”, which is not directly involved in digestion, but converts the inactive proenzyme of pancreatic juice into the active enzyme trypsin (see. ), which breaks down proteins. Later, other researchers discovered other substances of this type, called kinases (see).

In 1897, I.P. Pavlov published “Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands” - a work in which he summarized the results of his research in the field of physiology of digestion. For this work, which became a guide for physiologists around the world, in 1904 I. P. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize.

While studying the connections between the animal body and the environment, carried out under the control of the nervous system, I. P. Pavlov naturally came to the need to study the functions of the cerebral hemispheres. The immediate reason for this was observations of the so-called. mental secretion of saliva in animals, occurring at the sight (or smell) of food, under the influence of various stimuli associated with food intake, etc. Based on the statements of I. M. Sechenov about the reflex nature of manifestations of brain activity, I. P Pavlov came to the conclusion that the phenomenon of psychic secretion gives the physiologist the opportunity to objectively study the so-called. mental activity.

Through the efforts of doctors and naturalists of the 18th and 19th centuries. the idea was already created that the cerebral hemispheres are an organ of mental activity. However, the main sources of knowledge of brain functions are the wedge, observations of patients with significant congenital defects of the brain or with intravital damage, as well as experiments on lower and higher animals with surgical damage to various parts of the cerebral cortex and even with its complete removal or with electrical and mechanical irritation of its individual parts turned out to be insufficient for identifying and studying physiol, mechanisms and patterns of higher nervous activity.

When starting research in this area, I.P. Pavlov noted that the physiology of the “higher” brain is at a dead end and that this physiology has been developed since the 70s. 19th century stands still and nothing new has been done in this area over the past 30 years. When studying the processes of reflex secretion of saliva, I. P. Pavlov encountered phenomena that he had observed earlier when studying the reflex secretion of gastric juice: the experimental dog salivated not only at the moment of feeding, but also at the sight and smell of food, at the sight dishes from which they usually fed her, etc. I. P. Pavlov initially attributed this phenomenon to “mental excitement”, “will and desires” of the animal, but soon abandoned the subjective psychological interpretation of these phenomena and began to consider them like reflexes, but special reflexes, acquired in individual life. Subsequent detailed study of reflexes revealed a number of other specific features. The most important biological significance of reflexes of a new type is that they arise, form and stabilize under certain conditions - the regular coincidence of various stimuli (light, sound, mechanical, etc.) with some biologically significant activity of the body (nutritional, defensive, etc. .). As a result, a new one is closed between the individual brain points of application of the action of a given stimulus and a given activity. neural connection. Therefore, a stimulus previously combined with one or another type of biological activity acquires the value of a signal capable of independently causing it. It turned out that reflexes of the new type are characterized by extreme variability, changing to an immeasurably greater extent and over a much wider range than innate reflexes. New type IP Pavlov called the reflex a conditioned reflex (see), believing that other possible names (“combinative”, “individual”, etc.) characterize it less accurately. In this regard, he proposed to call innate reflexes unconditioned (see Unconditioned reflex), meaning their immutability or immeasurably less variability from different conditions. I. P. Pavlov and his students established that in higher animals the development of a conditioned reflex is a function of the cerebral cortex and that the development and implementation of conditioned reflexes is based on the process of excitation of cortical structures, and the basis for weakening and blocking them is the inhibition of these structures .

With the discovery of the conditioned reflex, one of the approaches to unraveling the deepest secrets of the functioning of the large brain was found. Even in the early period of his research in this area, I. P. Pavlov noted: “For physiology, the conditioned reflex became a central phenomenon, using which it was possible to study both normal and pathological activity of the cerebral hemispheres more fully and accurately.” The method of conditioned reflexes became, in essence, the most perfect version of the scientific method developed by I. P. Pavlov and successfully applied in previous studies, the experiment, which took into account, first of all, the specific features of the new object of research - the brain, addressed Special attention on the importance of an objective and strictly scientific study of its functions. The experiments were carried out by Ch. arr. on dogs in special chambers that isolate the experimental animal from uncontrolled external influences; cameras were a kind of environment, factors cut act on the experimental animal not randomly, but at the discretion of the experimenter. The results of many years of research by I.P. Pavlov served as the basis for the creation of a materialistic doctrine of higher nervous activity (see), in accordance with the Crimea century. n. d. is carried out by higher departments of the c. n. With. and regulates the relationship of the organism with the environment. The most complex of these relationships, the most perfect and accurate adaptation of the organism to the external conditions of existence, are carried out precisely by conditioned reflexes, which constitute the main and predominant component of this activity. I. P. Pavlov believed that the concept of “higher nervous activity” is equivalent to the concept of “behavior” or “mental activity.” By lower nervous activity I.P. Pavlov meant the activity of the middle and lower parts of the c. n. pp., edges consists mainly of unconditioned reflexes and through the cut the relationships between the organs and systems of the body itself are regulated. As was shown by the experiments of E. IIfluger, I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov himself, every reflex is endowed with certain adaptive properties and significant adaptive variability. However top level These properties achieve development and a qualitatively new form of manifestation in conditioned reflexes, which ensures the most perfect, accurate and subtle adaptation of the body to environmental conditions. Conditioned reflex activity occurs in response to signals that precede vital influences. This gives the body the opportunity to proactively strive for favorable factors and avoid unfavorable ones. Since countless different stimuli can acquire signal significance, this significantly expands the range of perception of events in the environment and the possibilities of adaptive activity of the body. Variability of conditioned reflexes over a wide range, ranging from small fluctuations to complete temporary blocking (inhibition process), extreme dependence on changes environment(and the internal environment of the organism itself) makes them an extremely flexible and perfect means of adaptation to continuous changes in the conditions of existence. These fundamental provisions of the teachings of I.P. Pavlov were then supported by experiments conducted on dogs and monkeys in conditions of their free movement.

I.P. Pavlov believed that the conditioned reflex, for all its universality for the entire animal world, undergoes rapid development in the process of evolution, the number of its forms and the level of perfection are constantly growing. This led to the emergence in humans of a qualitatively new type of signaling, namely indirect signaling - speech (see), where the word acts as a signal of objective or primary signals. I. P. Pavlov called this qualitatively new uniform signaling the second signaling system of reality and considered it a product social life and human labor activity. In contrast to the first-signal, or ordinary conditioned-reflex, activity, which provides only primitive abstractions (elementary generalizations of objects and phenomena and objective thinking), the second signal system is the basis for the implementation of complex abstractions, a broad generalization of objects and phenomena of the natural and social environment and thinking (see .). I. P. Pavlov raised the reflex theory (see) to a fundamentally new level, and turned the theoretical statements of I. M. Sechenov and a number of other scientists about reflex genesis and the nature of brain activity into an experimentally substantiated doctrine.

I. P. Pavlov also developed a number of other important issues brain physiology. He extremely convincingly proved the dynamic nature of the localization of functions in the cerebral cortex (see Cerebral cortex). According to his concept, the cortical ends of the analyzers, or projection zones of the cortex, consist of nuclear areas with highly specialized neural elements located in them, carrying out perfect analysis and synthesis, and of vast areas with scattered elements capable of imperfect analysis and synthesis; Moreover, the fields of scattered elements that perceive stimuli from different modalities overlap each other. IP Pavlov brought clarity to the understanding of physiol, mechanisms of typological features of the nervous system. According to his laboratory, these features are based on the strength of the basic nervous processes - excitation (see) and inhibition (see), the balance between them and their mobility. Various combinations of these properties create different types nervous system of animals. Being genetically determined, these characteristics can change under the influence of environmental and educational factors. Through his research, I.P. Pavlov revealed a fundamentally new role of the inhibition process in the activity of the cerebral cortex - the role of a protective, restorative and healing factor for its nervous elements, tired, weakened and exhausted as a result of intense or prolonged work. From this point of view, he considered normal sleep (q.v.) as a manifestation of continuous inhibition of the entire cerebral cortex and the nearest subcortex, and hypnosis (q.v.) as a manifestation of inhibition of individual areas of the cortex. This concept was the theoretical basis of sleep therapy. According to I.P. Pavlov, stagnant and deep inhibition of more or less significant areas of the brain, which arose under the influence of debilitating pathogenic factors and is a physiol, a measure of self-preservation, can manifest itself in the form of certain patols, deviations in its activity.

For many years, I. P. Pavlov experimentally studied brain pathology, and in last years life also became interested in human nervous and mental illnesses. His research on experimental neuroses of animals, on etiol predisposing and generating neuroses, factors, on the significance of typological features of the nervous system in the genesis and nature of neuroses, on physiol, mechanisms and functional architecture of neuroses, their classification, principles and measures of prevention and therapy are of exceptional interest to wedge, medicine not only in theoretical, but also in practical terms (see Experimental neuroses).

The teachings of I. P. Pavlov about century. n. is one of the greatest achievements of natural science of our century, represents a system of the most reliable, complete, accurate and deep knowledge about the functions of the brain and has exclusively important for a materialistic worldview and of enormous practical importance for medicine, psychology, pedagogy, and the scientific organization of complex labor processes. In modern science, it is the most adequate natural science basis for the Marxist-Leninist theory of reflection.

The scientific creativity of I. P. Pavlov constitutes an entire era in the development of natural science. It brought him into the ranks of such giants of natural science as I. Newton, C. Darwin, D. I. Mendeleev. I.P. Pavlov trained a large number of scientists who later became leaders of large scientific teams and created their own scientific directions. These include, in particular, S. P. Babkin, K. M. Bykov, G. P. Zeleny, D. S. Fursikov, A. D. Speransky, I. P. Razenkov, P. S. Kupalov, N. A. Rozhansky, N. I. Krasnogorsky, G. V. Folbort, A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky, P. K. Anokhin. Under the leadership of I.P. Pavlov in different years L. A. Orbeli, A. F. Samoilov, E. Konorsky, W. Gantt worked. The number of his followers in our country and abroad is growing every year. In the USA, Japan, Italy, India, Czechoslovakia there are Pavlovian scientific societies for the study of. n. d. Domestic and international symposiums, conferences, and congresses are regularly devoted to the problems of the development of I. P. Pavlov’s teachings.

The name of I. P. Pavlov was given to a number of scientific institutions and educational institutions. USSR Academy of Sciences established a prize named after. Pavlov, awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology, and a gold medal named after him, awarded for a set of works on the development of the teachings of I. P. Pavlov.

Essays: Centrifugal nerves of the heart, dissertation, St. Petersburg, 1883; Complete collection of works, vol. 1 - 5, M.-L., 1940 - 1949.

Bibliography: Anokhin P.K. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, M.-L., 1949; Asratyan E. A. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, M., 1974; I. P. Pavlov in the memoirs of his contemporaries, ed. E. M. Krepsa, L., 1967; Koshtoyants Kh. S. A story from the life of academician. Pavlova, M.-L., 1937; Kupalov P.S. The great Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, M., 1949; Chronicle of the life and activities of academician. I. P. Pavlova, comp. N. M. Gureeva and N. A. Chebysheva, L., 1969; Mozzhukhin A.S. and Samoilov V.O., I.P. Pavlov in St. Petersburg-Leningrad, L., 1977; Correspondence of I. P. Pavlov, comp. N. M. Gureeva et al., L., 1970; Collection dedicated to the 75th anniversary of I.P. Pavlov, ed. V. L. Omelyansky and L. A. Or-beli, Leningrad, 1925; Frolov Yu. P. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, M., 1949; B a b-k i n V. P. Pavlov, a biography, Chicago, 1949; Cun y H. Ivan Pavlov, P., 1962; M i s i t i R. II riflesso conaizionato, Pavlov, Roma, 1968.

E. A. Asratyan.

None of the Russian scientists of the 19th-20th centuries, not even D.I. Mendeleev, did not receive such fame abroad as academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). “This is the star that illuminates the world, shedding light on paths not yet explored,” Herbert Wells said about him. He was called a “romantic, almost legendary figure”, “citizen of the world.” He was a member of 130 academies, universities and international societies. He is considered the recognized leader of world physiological science, a favorite teacher of doctors, and a true hero of creative work.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in Ryazan on September 26, 1849 in the family of a priest. At the request of his parents, Pavlov graduated from theological school, and in 1864 he entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary.

However, a different fate was destined for him. In his father's extensive library, he once found a book by G.G. Levy “Physiology of Everyday Life” with colorful illustrations that captured his imagination. Another strong impression on Ivan Petrovich in his youth was made by the book, which he later remembered with gratitude all his life. This was the study of the father of Russian physiology, Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov, “Reflexes of the Brain.” Perhaps it is not an exaggeration to say that the theme of this book formed the leitmotif of Pavlov’s entire creative activity.

In 1869, he left the seminary and first entered the Faculty of Law, and then transferred to the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. Here, under the influence of the famous Russian physiologist Professor I.F. Zion, he forever connected his life with physiology. After graduating from university I.P. Pavlov decided to expand his knowledge of physiology, in particular human physiology and pathology. For this purpose, in 1874 he entered the Medical-Surgical Academy. Having completed it brilliantly, Pavlov received a two-year business trip abroad. Upon his arrival from abroad, he devoted himself entirely to science.

All works on physiology carried out by I.P. Pavlov for almost 65 years, mainly grouped around three sections of physiology: circulatory physiology, digestive physiology and brain physiology. Pavlov introduced a chronic experiment into practice, which made it possible to study the activity of a practically healthy organism. Using the developed method of conditioned reflexes, he established that the basis of mental activity is the physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. Pavlov's research into the physiology of higher nervous activity had a great influence on the development of physiology, psychology and pedagogy.

Works by I.P. Pavlov’s blood circulation problems are associated mainly with his activities in the laboratory at the clinic of the famous Russian doctor Sergei Petrovich Botkin from 1874 to 1885. The passion for research completely absorbed him during this period. He abandoned his house, forgot about his material needs, his suit and even his young wife. His comrades more than once took part in the fate of Ivan Petrovich, wanting to help him in some way. One day they collected some money for I.P. Pavlova, wanting to support him financially. I.P. Pavlov accepted friendly help, but with this money he bought a whole pack of dogs to carry out the experiment that interested him.

The first major discovery that made him famous was the discovery of the so-called amplifying nerve of the heart. This discovery served as the initial impetus for the creation of the scientific doctrine of nervous trophism. The entire series of works on this topic was presented in the form doctoral dissertation entitled "Centrifugal Nerves of the Heart", which he defended in 1883.

Already during this period, one fundamental feature of I.P.’s scientific creativity was revealed. Pavlova - to study a living organism in its holistic, natural behavior. Work by I.P. Pavlova in the Botkin laboratory brought him great creative satisfaction, but the laboratory itself was not convenient enough. That's why I.P. In 1890, Pavlov happily accepted the offer to take over the department of physiology at the newly organized Institute of Experimental Medicine. In 1901 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1904, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for his work on digestion.

Pavlov's teaching on conditioned reflexes was the logical conclusion of all those physiological experiments that he performed on blood circulation and digestion.

I.P. Pavlov looked into the deepest and most mysterious processes of the human brain. He explained the mechanism of sleep, which turned out to be a type of special nervous process of inhibition that spreads throughout the cerebral cortex.

In 1925 I.P. Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences and opened two clinics at his laboratory: nervous and psychiatric, where he successfully applied the experimental results he obtained in the laboratory to treat nervous and mental illnesses. A particularly important achievement in recent years of work by I.P. Pavlov was the study of the hereditary properties of certain types of nervous activity. To resolve this issue, I.P. Pavlov significantly expanded his biological station in Koltushi near Leningrad - a real city of science - for which the Soviet government allocated more than 12 million rubles.

Teaching of I.P. Pavlova became the foundation for the development of world science. Special Pavlovian laboratories were created in America, England, France and other countries. On February 27, 1936, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov passed away. After a short illness, he died at the age of 87. The funeral service according to the Orthodox rite, according to his will, was performed in the church in Koltushi, after which a farewell ceremony took place in the Tauride Palace. An honor guard of scientists from universities, technical colleges, scientific institutes, and members of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences was installed at the coffin.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov became known to us primarily as a physiologist, a famous scientist who created the science of higher nervous activity, which has enormous practical value for many sciences. This includes medicine, psychology, physiology, and pedagogy, and not just Pavlov’s dog, which reacts to a light bulb with an increased flow of saliva. For his services, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize and some educational institutions and scientific institutes were named after him. Pavlov's books are still published in fairly large editions. For those who are not yet familiar with the achievements of the scientist and do not know who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is, short biography will help correct this omission.

The future luminary was born in Ryazan, in the family of a clergyman, in 1849. Since Pavlov’s ancestors were “church members,” the boy was forced to go to a theological school and seminary. He later spoke warmly about this experience. But after accidentally reading Sechenov’s book on brain reflexes, Ivan Pavlov left his studies at the seminary and became a student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in St. Petersburg.

Having completed the course with honors, he received academic degree candidate of natural sciences, and decided to continue his studies at the Medical-Surgical Academy, after which he received a doctor’s diploma.

Since 1879, Ivan Petrovich became the head of the laboratory at the Botkin clinic. It was there that he began his research into digestion, which lasted more than twenty years. Soon the young scientist defended his dissertation and was appointed private assistant professor at the Academy. But the offer from Heidenhain and Karl Ludwig, fairly well-known physiologists, to work in Leipzig seemed more interesting to him. Returning to Russia two years later, Pavlov continued his scientific activities.

By 1890, his name had become famous in scientific circles. Simultaneously with the leadership of physiological research at the Military Medical Academy, he also headed the department of physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. The scientist's scientific work began with the study of the heart and circulatory system, but later the scientist devoted himself entirely to the study of the digestive system. Through many experiments, the white spots in the structure of the digestive tract began to disappear.

The scientist's main experimental subjects were dogs. Pavlov wanted to understand the mechanism of the pancreas and make the necessary analyzes of its juice. To do this, through trial and error, he brought out part of the dog's pancreas and created a so-called fistula. Through the hole, pancreatic juice came out and was suitable for research.

The next step was the study of gastric juice. The scientist was able to make a gastric fistula, which no one could do before. Now it was possible to study the secretion of gastric juice, its quantity and quality indicators, depending on the characteristics of the food.

Pavlov gave a report in Madrid and there outlined the main milestones of his teaching. A year later, writing about his research treatise, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904.

The next thing that attracted the scientist’s attention was the reaction of the body, including the digestive system, to external stimuli. This was the first step towards the study of conditioned and unconditioned connections - reflexes. This was a new word in physiology.

Many living organisms have a reflex system. Since a person has more historical experience, his reflexes are richer and more complex than those of the same dogs. Thanks to Pavlov's research, it became possible to trace the process of their formation and understand the basic principles of the cerebral cortex.

There is an opinion that in the post-revolutionary period, during the years of “devastation,” Pavlov found himself below the poverty line. But nevertheless, remaining a patriot of his country, he refused a very lucrative offer to move to Sweden for further scientific work with one hundred percent funding.

Some researchers believe that the scientist simply did not have the opportunity to travel abroad, and he submitted petitions for permission to emigrate. After some time, in 1920, the scientist finally received the long-promised institute from the state, where he continued his research.

His research was closely monitored by the top of the Soviet government, and thanks to this patronage, the scientist was able to fulfill his long-time dreams. Clinics equipped with new equipment were opened at his institutes, the staff was constantly expanding, and the funding was excellent. From that time on, regular publication of Pavlov's works also began.

But the scientist’s health in recent years has left much to be desired. Having suffered from pneumonia several times, he looked unwell, was very tired and generally did not feel very well. And in 1936, after a cold that turned into another pneumonia, Pavlov died.

It may well be that today’s medicines would have coped with the disease, but then medicine was still at a low level of development. The death of the scientist was a major loss for the entire scientific world.

Pavlov's contribution to science cannot be overestimated. He brought physiology and psychology into one plane; his research into higher nervous activity gave impetus to the development of various sciences. The name of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is now familiar to every educated person. I consider it possible to complete the presentation of the life and work of the scientist here, because a short biography of Pavlov I.P. sufficiently illuminated.

Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936), physiologist, author of the doctrine of conditioned reflexes.

In 1860-1869 Pavlov studied at the Ryazan Theological School, then at the seminary.

Impressed by I.M. Sechenov’s book “Reflexes of the Brain,” he obtained permission from his father to take exams at St. Petersburg University and in 1870 he entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

In 1875, Pavlov was awarded a gold medal for his work “On the nerves that control the work in the pancreas.”

Having received a candidate of natural sciences degree, he entered the third year of the Medical-Surgical Academy and graduated with honors. In 1883 he defended his thesis “Centrifugal nerves of the heart” (one of the nerve branches going to the heart, now Pavlov’s strengthening nerve).

Having become a professor in 1888, Pavlov received his own laboratory. This allowed him to freely engage in research into the nervous regulation of gastric juice secretion. In 1891, Pavlov headed the physiological department at the new Institute of Experimental Medicine.

In 1895, he made a report on the activity of the salivary glands of the dog. “Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands” were soon translated into German, French and English languages and published in Europe. The work brought Pavlov great fame.

The scientist first introduced the concept of “conditioned reflex” in a report at the Congress of Naturalists and Doctors of Northern European Countries in Helsingfors (now Helsinki) in 1901. In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for his work on digestion and blood circulation.

In 1907, Ivan Petrovich became an academician. He began to explore the role of various parts of the brain in conditioned reflex activity. In 1910, his work “Natural Science and the Brain” was published.

Pavlov experienced the revolutionary upheavals of 1917 very hard. In the ensuing devastation, his strength was spent on preserving the work of his whole life. In 1920, the physiologist sent a letter to the Council of People's Commissars “On freely leaving Russia due to the impossibility of conducting scientific work and rejection of the social experiment being carried out in the country.” The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution signed by V.I. Lenin - “in the shortest possible time to create the most favorable conditions for ensuring the scientific work of Academician Pavlov and his collaborators.”

In 1923, after the publication of the famous work “Twenty Years of Experience in the Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity (Behavior) of Animals,” Pavlov undertook a long trip abroad. He visited scientific centers in England, France and the USA.

In 1925, the Physiological Laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which he founded in the village of Koltushi, was transformed into the Institute of Physiology. Pavlov remained its director until the end of his life.

In the winter of 1936, returning from Koltushi, the scientist fell ill with bronchial inflammation.
Died on February 27 in Leningrad.