Loneliness or difficult family relationships negatively affect a person’s emotional state and health. Neuroses, depression and psychosomatic diseases develop, and suicide attempts are possible.
Children are especially dependent on family relationships. Normal mental and physical health depends on how much children are loved and cared for and provided with everything they need.

The well-being of a child largely depends on the love and mutual respect between parents. Quarrels of older members, violence in the family form a chronic psychotraumatic situation in the child, which manifests itself neurological diseases and developmental disorders (enuresis, stuttering, nervous tics, hyperactivity, decreased academic performance), as well as a significant decrease in immunity, frequent viral and bacterial diseases.

How effective are meditation and psychotraining in overcoming stress?

Psychotraining or psychotherapeutic training– a short course of training, the exercises of which are aimed at changes in consciousness. Psychotraining gives a person skills that allow him to meet people, build relationships, communicate, resolve conflicts constructively, develop as a person, manage emotions, and think positively. Helps get rid of alcohol, sexual, nicotine addiction.

Depending on the number of people in the group, psychotraining can be individual or group.

The essence of the method: A training psychologist selects exercises that simulate a situation that worries a person. These may not be direct analogies, but situations that evoke associations with the problem, presenting it in a comic form. Next, the person is asked to play out the situation - how, in his opinion, he should behave in in this case. Then the psychologist analyzes the client’s behavior and points out victories and mistakes. Ideally, psychotraining should be complemented by psychological counseling and psychotherapy.

In practice, a small percentage of people turn to a psychologist and psychotherapist. Therefore, it is necessary to master various self-help techniques and use them as needed.

1. Autotraining(autogenic training) – increases the ability to self-regulate emotions. It includes sequential exercises:

1. Breathing exercises– deep, slow breathing with pauses after inhalation and exhalation.
2. Muscle relaxation– you need to feel the tension of the muscles as you inhale and sharply relax them as you exhale;
3. Creating Positive Mental Images– imagine yourself in a safe place - on the seashore, at the edge of the forest. Imagine an image of the “Ideal Self”, possessing all the qualities that you would like to have;
4. Self-hypnosis in the form of self-orders- “Calm down!”, “Relax!”, “Don’t give in to provocation!”;
5. Self-programming– “Today I will be happy!”, “I am healthy!”, “I am confident in myself!”, “I am beautiful and successful!”, “I am relaxed and calm!”.
6. Self-encouragement- “I’m great!”, “I’m the best!”, “I’m doing great!”.

Each stage, repetition of the selected phrase, can take from 20 seconds to several minutes. You can choose verbal formulas arbitrarily. They must be affirmative and not contain the particle “not”. You can repeat them silently or out loud.

The result of autotraining is the activation of the parasympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system and weakening of arousal in the limbic system of the brain. Negative emotions are weakened or blocked, a positive attitude appears, and self-esteem increases.

Contraindications to the use of psychotraining: acute psychosis, disturbances of consciousness, hysteria.

1. Meditation- an effective technique that allows you to develop concentration by focusing on one subject: breathing, mental images, heartbeat, muscle sensations. During meditation, a person completely disconnects from the outside world, immerses himself so much that the surrounding reality with its problems seems to cease to exist. Its components are breathing exercises and muscle relaxation.

The result of regular (1-2 times a week) meditation is complete acceptance of oneself, and the affirmation that much in the outside world, including problems, is just an illusion.

Practicing meditation techniques, it is possible to reduce the level of excitation in the limbic system and the cerebral cortex. This is manifested by the absence of emotions and unwanted, intrusive thoughts. Meditation changes your attitude towards the problem that caused stress, makes it less significant, and helps you intuitively find a way out of the current situation or accept it.

Meditation technique:

1. Comfortable position– the back is straight, you can sit in the lotus position or on a chair in the coachman position. Helps relax muscle blocks and ease tension in the body.
2. Slow diaphragmatic breathing . As you inhale, the stomach inflates, and as you exhale, it retracts. Inhalation is shorter than exhalation. After inhaling and exhaling, hold your breath for 2-4 seconds.
3. Focusing on one object. This could be a candle flame, a heartbeat, sensations in the body, a luminous point, etc.
4. Feeling of warmth and relaxation, which extends to the entire body. With it comes peace and self-confidence.

Entering a meditative state requires long practice. To master the technique, you need at least 2 months of daily training. Therefore, meditation cannot be used as an emergency method.
Attention! Excessive and uncontrolled meditation can be dangerous for a person with an unstable psyche. He is transferred to the realm of fantasy, becomes withdrawn, intolerant of his own and others’ shortcomings. Meditation is contraindicated for people with delirium, hysteria, and disturbances of consciousness.

What are psychosomatic diseases?

Psychosomatic diseases are disorders in the functioning of organs caused by mental and emotional factors. These are diseases associated with negative emotions (anxiety, fear, anger, sadness) and stress.
Most often, the cardiovascular, digestive and endocrine systems become victims of stress.

Mechanism of development of psychosomatic diseases:

• Strong experiences activate the endocrine system, disrupting hormonal balance;
• The work of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the work, is disrupted internal organs;
• The functioning of blood vessels is disrupted and the blood circulation of these organs deteriorates;
• Deterioration of nervous regulation, lack of oxygen and nutrients leads to dysfunction of the organ;
• Repetition of such situations causes illness.

Examples of psychosomatic diseases:;

sexual disorders;

sexual dysfunction, impotence;

oncological diseases.

Every year the list of diseases recognized as psychosomatic increases.
There is a theory that each disease is based on a separate negative emotion. For example, bronchial asthma occurs due to grievances, diabetes from anxiety and restlessness, etc. And the more persistently a person suppresses an emotion, the higher the likelihood of developing the disease. This hypothesis is based on the property of various emotions to provoke muscle blocks and vascular spasms in various parts of the body.

The main method of treating psychosomatic diseases is psychotherapy, hypnosis, and the prescription of tranquilizers and sedatives. At the same time, the symptoms of the disease are treated.

How to eat properly when stressed?

You can reduce your risk of developing illnesses during stress by: proper nutrition. Be sure to consume:

• Protein products - to strengthen the immune system;
• Sources of vitamin B – to protect the nervous system;
• Carbohydrates – to improve brain functioning;
• Products containing magnesium and serotonin - to combat stress.

Protein products should be easy to digest - fish, lean meat, dairy products. Protein proteins are used to build new immune cells and antibodies.

B vitamins found in green vegetables different types cabbage and lettuce, beans and spinach, nuts, dairy and seafood. They improve mood and increase resistance to stress.

Carbohydrates necessary to cover increased energy expenditure caused by stress. The brain especially needs carbohydrates. In this regard, under nervous stress, the craving for sweets increases. A little dark chocolate, honey, marshmallows or kozinaki will urgently replenish glucose reserves, but it is advisable to cover the need for carbohydrates with complex carbohydrates - cereals and grains.

Magnesium provides protection against stress, improves the transmission of nerve signals and increases the performance of the nervous system. Sources of magnesium include cocoa, wheat bran, buckwheat, soy, almonds and cashew nuts. chicken eggs, spinach.
Serotonin or the happiness hormone improves your mood. For its synthesis in the body, an amino acid is needed - tryptophan, which is abundant in fatty fish, nuts, oatmeal, bananas and cheese.

Herbal medicine for stress

To improve the functioning of the nervous system during periods of high stress, infusions of medicinal herbs are recommended. Some of them have a calming effect and are recommended for nervous agitation. Others increase the tone of the nervous system and are prescribed for depression, apathy and asthenia.

Conclusion: Repetitive stress and negative emotions worsen health. By displacing negative emotions and ignoring them, a person aggravates the situation and creates the ground for the development of diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to express your emotions, constructively solve problems that cause stress, and take measures to reduce emotional stress.

Health

What we think and feel directly affects how we live. Our health is related to our lifestyle, genetics and susceptibility to disease. But beyond that, there is a strong relationship between your emotional state and your health.

Learning to cope with emotions, especially negative ones, is an important part of our vitality. The emotions we keep inside can explode one day and become a real disaster. for ourselves. That's why it's important to release them.

Good emotional health is quite rare these days. Negative emotions such as anxiety, stress, fear, anger, jealousy, hatred, doubt and irritability can significantly affect our health.

Getting laid off, a turbulent marriage, financial difficulties and the death of loved ones can be detrimental to our mental state and affect our health.

This is how emotions can destroy our health.

The influence of emotions on health

1. Anger: heart and liver

Anger is a strong emotion that arises in response to despair, pain, disappointment and threat. If dealt with immediately and expressed correctly, anger can have health benefits. But in most cases, anger destroys our health.

In particular, anger affects our logical abilities and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Anger leads to constriction of blood vessels, increased heart rate, blood pressure and rapid breathing. If this happens frequently, it causes wear and tear on the artery walls.

A 2015 study found that Risk of heart attack increases 8.5 times two hours after an outburst of intense anger.

Anger also increases levels of cytokines (molecules that cause inflammation), which increases the risk of arthritis, diabetes and cancer.

To better manage your anger, engage in regular physical activity, learn relaxation techniques, or see a psychologist.

2. Concern: stomach and spleen

Chronic anxiety can lead to a variety of health problems. It affects spleen and weakens the stomach. When we worry a lot, our body is attacked by chemicals that cause us to react with a sick or weak stomach.

Worrying or obsessing over something can lead to problems such as nausea, diarrhea, stomach problems and other chronic disorders.

Excessive anxiety is associated with chest pain, high blood pressure, weakened immunity and premature aging.

Severe anxiety also harms our personal relationships, disrupts sleep, and can make us distracted and inattentive to our health.

3. Sadness or grief: mild

Of the many emotions we experience in life, sadness is the longest lasting emotion.

Sadness or melancholy weakens the lungs, causing fatigue and difficulty breathing.

It disrupts the natural flow of breathing, narrowing the lungs and bronchi. When you are overwhelmed with grief or sadness, air cannot move easily in and out of your lungs, which can lead to asthma attacks and bronchial diseases.

Depression and melancholy also damage the skin, causing constipation and low oxygen levels in the blood. People suffering from depression tend to gain or lose weight, and are easily susceptible to addiction to drugs and other harmful substances.

If you're feeling sad, there's no need to hold back your tears because this way you can release those emotions.

4. Stress: Heart and Brain

Each person experiences and reacts to stress differently. A little stress is good for your health and can help you perform daily tasks.

However, if stress becomes too much, it can lead to high blood pressure, asthma, stomach ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome.

As you know, stress is one of the main causes of heart disease. It increases blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and also promotes bad habits such as smoking, physical inactivity and overeating. All these factors can damage the walls of blood vessels and lead to heart disease.

Stress can also lead to a number of diseases such as:

Asthmatic disorders

· Hair loss

Mouth ulcers and excessive dryness

Mental problems: insomnia, headaches, irritability

· Cardiovascular diseases and hypertension

Neck and shoulder pain, musculoskeletal pain, lower back pain, nervous tics

Skin rashes, psoriasis and eczema

· Reproductive system disorders: menstrual irregularities, relapses of sexually transmitted infections in women and impotence and premature ejaculation in men.

Diseases of the digestive system: gastritis, stomach ulcers and duodenum, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel

The connection between emotions and organs

5. Loneliness: the heart

Loneliness is a condition that makes a person cry and fall into deep melancholy.

Loneliness is a serious health risk. When we are lonely, our brain produces more stress hormones such as cortisol, which cause depression. This in turn affects blood pressure and sleep quality.

Research has shown that loneliness increases the chances of developing mental illness and is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke.

In addition, loneliness has Negative influence on the immune system. Lonely people are more likely to experience inflammation in response to stress, which can weaken the immune system.

6. Fear: Adrenals and Kidneys

Fear leads to anxiety, which debilitates our kidneys, adrenal glands and reproductive system.

A situation where fear arises leads to a decrease in the flow of energy in the body and causes it to defend itself. This leads to a slowdown in breathing rate and blood circulation, which causes a state of congestion that makes our limbs almost freeze in fear.

Fear affects the kidneys the most, and this leads to frequent urination and other kidney problems.

Fear also causes the adrenal glands to produce more stress hormones, which have a devastating effect on the body.

Severe fear can cause pain and diseases of the adrenal glands, kidneys and lower back, as well as urinary tract diseases. In children, this emotion can be expressed through urinary incontinence, which is closely related to anxiety and self-doubt.

7. Shock: kidneys and heart

Shock is a manifestation of trauma caused by an unexpected situation that knocks you down.

Sudden shock can upset the balance of the body, causing overexcitement and fear.

Severe shock can undermine our health, especially the kidneys and heart. The traumatic reaction leads to the development large quantities adrenaline, which settles on the kidneys. This leads to increased heart rate, insomnia, stress and anxiety. Shock can even change the structure of the brain, affecting areas of emotion and survival.

The physical consequences of emotional trauma or shock often include low energy, pale skin, difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, sleep and digestive disorders, sexual dysfunction, and chronic pain.

8. Irritability and hatred: liver and heart

Hateful emotions and irritability can affect gut and heart health, leading to chest pain, hypertension and palpitations.

Both of these emotions increase your risk of high blood pressure. Irritable people are also more susceptible to cellular aging than good-natured people.

Irritability is also bad for the liver. When verbally expressing hatred, a person exhales condensed molecules containing toxins that damage the liver and gallbladder.

9. Jealousy and Envy: Brain, Gallbladder and Liver

Jealousy, despair and envy directly affect our brain, gallbladder and liver.

Jealousy is known to slow your thinking and impair your ability to see clearly.

In addition, jealousy causes symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression, which leads to excessive production of adrenaline and norepinephrine in the blood.

Jealousy has a negative effect on the gallbladder and leads to stagnation of blood in the liver. This causes a weakened immune system, insomnia, increased blood pressure, heart rate, high level cholesterol and poor digestion.

10. Anxiety: stomach, spleen, pancreas

Anxiety is a normal part of life. Anxiety can increase your breathing and heart rate and increase concentration and blood flow to the brain, which can be beneficial for your health.

However, when anxiety becomes a part of life, it has a devastating effects on physical and mental health.

Gastrointestinal diseases are often closely related to anxiety. It affects the stomach, spleen and pancreas, which can lead to problems such as indigestion, constipation, ulcerative colitis.

Anxiety disorders are often a risk factor for the development of a number of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease.

Opinions of famous media managers and journalists about education and the future of the profession

To bookmarks

On February 10, the Kolta.ru publication announced the opening of a school of citizen journalism under the leadership of two well-known journalists - special correspondent of the Kommersant newspaper Olesya Gerasimenko and former editor-in-chief of the Kommersant-Vlast magazine and the OpenSpace.ru publication Maxim Kovalsky. On February 11, another event occurred in the field of journalism - it became known about the largest Ural news agency "Ura.ru".

The tense situation in the Russian media and a series of closures or changes in the leadership of a number of publications, commonly referred to among journalists as the “fucking chain,” makes us think more often about the role of the profession in Russia. TJ interviewed famous journalists and media managers about the role of education in their work and whether it is worth going to study journalism now.

Nikita Belogolovtsev,former host of Dozhd

I have the most specialized education: I graduated from the journalism department of MGIMO. Actually, I should be able to work comfortably in two languages ​​(English and Italian), but my language skills are terrible by the standards of my native university.

Education helps a lot now. Moreover, these are not some specialized disciplines or fundamental courses. We had a fairly strong economy, a good law course. From the humanities - literature from Vyazemsky and cultural studies from Legoyda (the same one). These are very important structural things in knowledge for me. Roughly speaking, you immediately understand what to look for on Google. In addition, we were quite strict about our studies, and the words “You see, I’m working” were rather an aggravating circumstance, and not vice versa.

Of course, you learn all professional things (except the most basic ones) on the job. I don’t understand this “Don’t go into journalism” hysteria at all. Firstly, he works from my department in his specialty, in best case scenario, 30-40% of people. Secondly, when I entered journalism, I had a hard time imagining what I wanted to do, much less earn money. Yes, of course, you need to understand the risks, but they will always exist in one form or another. Now is a disgusting time for the profession, but should we completely bury it now?

Olesya Gerasimenko,special correspondent for the Kommersant newspaper

I studied at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, my literature teacher advised me to choose it rather than the journalism department, “if I want to study a little more.” I obeyed and did not regret it.

Going to study to be a journalist for five years at a university is an unnatural idea; it is an applied profession, like a driver or a seamstress. The more you travel or sew trousers, the better it gets. What you really need to learn is to learn from practicing correspondents. American journalism schools are structured this way: almost all programs there last no more than 1-2 years and are built on the transfer of experience, and all teachers work in the media.

Questions like “Where can an honest journalist work now” puzzle me. People don’t go into this profession for money or stability. In my ideal world Fans of information, text, and a certain way of life go to journalism. Therefore, the crisis in the media market will only clear the ranks of journalists from people who actually want to be politicians, writers, showmen, PR directors and entrepreneurs, but are forced to huddle in editorial offices. And now only those who are in love with the profession and will not do anything else will want to learn the craft - and that’s all I need.

Alexander Plyushchev,presenter of the radio station "Echo of Moscow"

I have a secondary education - school No. 751 and five semesters of the Russian University of Chemical Technology. In my opinion, this is not even considered unfinished higher. Therefore, if anything could help me in working in the media, it would be the lack of education.

This is both true and not true at the same time: I was free from any givens and perceived everything as a blank slate, immediately in practice. On the other hand, at times I still lack some basic things, a general level of humanitarian education, knowledge of world literature and history. But it was precisely because of the lack of specialized education that I was never refused a job. At NTV in 1997, the personnel department was surprised, but nothing more.

I can hardly competently answer the question of whether it’s worth going to study to become a journalist now, because I myself have never studied to become one anywhere and I don’t know how they teach it. Especially now, when there is almost no normal media left with a few exceptions. Who knows, maybe somewhere they teach normally. In any case, where I am invited to speak and meet with students (journalism departments of Moscow State University, Higher School of Economics, Russian State University for the Humanities) - they seem to be sane people, often very cool. And the students, at first glance, are quite adequate. But I heard that very odious personalities in our industry also teach there.

In any case, it seems to me that it’s worth going to study, because this is a real opportunity to get an internship or internship in a good media outlet, for example, at Ekho Moskvy. There are a lot of people who work for us; those who remain - or rather, those left behind - after such internships, some study while working. I can’t advise which direction to choose due to incompetence. It's you guys yourself.

Yuri Saprykin,former chief editor of the merged company Rambler-Afisha

I graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University. It definitely helped.

Now - as always, regardless of the situation in the country - it is best to get a good humanities education, and then go to a good editorial office, where even a journalism graduate will still be taught everything again. Since there are not many good editorial offices left, this can be temporarily replaced by communication with good journalists through all sorts of courses, lectures and schools - like the one done by Maxim Kovalsky and Olesya Gerasimenko.

Andrey Kozenko,Meduza special correspondent

I am a philologist-linguist by training, but this is because journalism was not officially taught at my Saratov State University. There was only a specialized group. A holy woman (I’m not kidding) Olga Borisovna Sirotinina, the most famous scientist in the country, a specialist in speech communications, came to us. We took a 1973 textbook with semantic and other errors from the newspaper “Soviet Russia” for 1971 and analyzed these errors. It seemed to me that in 1.5 hours the windows were covered with cobwebs.

This, of course, did not help me very much. My first editor, to whom I came for an internship, said: forget everything you were taught there, let’s start again. And so it happened.

Everything I know, I got thanks to my father, a journalist, and several super-editors I encountered in my life - Vasiliev, Stukalin, Nagibin from Kommersant. Well, my current Timchenko and Kolpakov.

Of course, it’s worth studying, and why not. The general situation in the country, as long as I remember it, changes with varying degrees of hell every three years. Why not work and study now? Yes, I don’t envy those who will graduate from journalism this year - they don’t have many options. But I don't know how many options there are for those who are now in their second year. There may be more of them - or maybe there will be a nuclear war, and there will be no need to worry at all.

Andrei Kozenko during a wave of protests in December 2011

Svetlana Mironyuk,former Chief Editor RIA News

My basic education is the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University, social geography. This humanitarian bias, of course, helped me: I was involved in organizing the work of journalists on issues foreign policy. This component - regional studies, which I studied at Moscow State University - undoubtedly helped me. Plus, I studied abroad at the University of Budapest: a more useful experience than a useless one.

I think badly about journalism education. The time when after school one went to journalism school and became journalists five years later is irrevocably gone. This is the mentality of our mothers and fathers, not to mention our grandparents.

In my experience, the best journalists are those who have a basic education in any field, from economics to the sciences. It is ideal for a person to work in this field for some time. It’s good when the basic education is technical or humanitarian, and the second is journalistic.

The functionality of a journalist at RIA Novosti is the so-called “microphone on legs”: he heard it here, came there and retold it. With the development of recording technologies and everything else, this functionality is not needed. There is absolutely no need to learn this.

I don’t exclude isolated talented talents; anything is possible. I am convinced that journalism is a second, “superfluous” education. After school, you are taught to write and record for five years, but you have nothing to tell the world, you don’t have much experience or knowledge inside you.

We set up a school at RIA Novosti for students from the journalism department: they still need to be taught something, retrained for another year. There is a gap between what is taught in faculties in the conservative perception of journalism, and the actual practice that exists in the world. You can assume that I am a strong opponent of journalistic education.

I have met people who are excellent journalists and no organizers, and there are excellent organizers and no journalists - for example, me (laughs). When I had to interview, I understood that there are those who enjoy it, but for me it was a forced necessity. It seems to me that a media manager is in the making... You know, I’m actually 47 years old, and I’m currently studying, getting an MBA at the University of Chicago, gaining knowledge in finance, management, and negotiations. The education I received at age 20 is not enough for me.

Ivan Zasursky,Head of the Department of New Media and Communication Theory at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University

Education helps you think for yourself and understand the essence of processes. For example, from the point of view of understanding the psychology of relationships and the richness of human motivations, fiction provides an idea of ​​​​completely scientific validity. Writing taught me the courage to speculate, justify, and test ideas that I might not have been able to articulate in my journalistic work.

To become a journalist, you need to already have work experience and spare no effort in reading and writing original academic papers. My thesis became my dissertation and book, although it changed a lot along the way.

Alexey Venediktov,editor-in-chief of the radio station "Echo of Moscow"

I have a pedagogical-historical education, graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after Lenin. Humanities education - even Soviet - certainly helped me and continues to help. It taught me to work like a historian - with primary sources, and not with secondary material. This is an important skill.

But working at school, my first profession, taught me much more about the ability to interview. Just as you pull a student from a D to a C, you try to get something out of an interviewee that he knows but doesn’t say.

Although the methods of studying information are the same, it does not matter where it was - in Ancient Rus', Medieval France, in the Arab Caliphate or in the 21st century. The ability to compare these sources and look for contradictions in them is the basic education of a historian.

I am suspicious of the term “civic journalism”; I don’t understand what it is. He repels me professionally: civilian doctor, civilian ballerina? The only thing that suits me is a common-law wife, but it hasn’t come to that yet. It's still something secondary. Either you are a journalist or you are not a journalist.

But, of course, you need to study. If the courses teach you how to work with sources, ask questions and apply your knowledge, then this only needs to be supported. And if it's just to get the title "citizen journalist", I'll just shrug my shoulders and step aside.

Unfortunately, journalism faculties are lagging far and fast behind the development of journalism in general. Nowadays, a general humanities education is much more important, plus computer literacy, plus the ability to navigate information - this is what needs to be taught. When people come to me to hire, I don’t ask them what department they graduated from - I ask how many languages ​​they know, how their computer literacy is and how they work with information. And Phystech, MGIMO, Moscow or Far Eastern journalism departments do not interest me at all.

Journalist- a person engaged in public activities in the collection, processing and periodic dissemination of relevant information through mass communication channels. The profession is suitable for those who are interested in Russian language and literature and social studies (see choosing a profession based on interest in school subjects).

Journalism (from French journal- diary, newspaper) is a type social activities on the collection, processing and periodic dissemination of relevant information through mass communication channels (press, radio, television, cinema, etc.). Therefore, a journalist is a person working in a system of media mass media(MASS MEDIA). And although the name of this profession indicates a relationship with the magazine, journalists also work on radio and television.

In this regard, journalism is divided into many subtypes (specializations): newspaper journalism, photo, radio and television journalism, Internet journalism, public relations (PR). Journalism is not just about current news. Among the topics it covers are international relations and economics, which require special preparation. Articles, notes, television reports are the work of correspondents. But journalists also include editors and designers working in publishing houses, radio and TV, as well as editorial secretariat workers. All of them are participants in the information process.

On January 13, Russia celebrates Russian Press Day. This is a professional holiday whose history goes back more than 300 years. It is believed that journalism in our country arose in 1702, when, by personal decree and personal participation of Tsar Peter the Great (1672 - 1725), the first printed newspaper “Vedomosti” appeared, published by typographic method. Since then, the Russian press has been developing and establishing itself, although back in 1621 the first Russian non-print newspaper, “Chimes,” appeared. It was handwritten and published in the form of a scroll in several copies 2-4 times a month. The clerks distributed it to a limited circle of people - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629 - 1676) and his entourage. The newspaper contained information on military, diplomatic, court and trade topics from foreign newspapers.

The Russian newspaper Vedomosti had serious differences from the first newspapers of other European countries. It was rather not a commercial publication, but served to explain the essence of the sovereign’s policies and his reforms. From the very beginning, the Russian newspaper was a conductor of a certain policy, a propagandist, and sometimes an organizer public opinion in favor government reforms or defense of national independence and self-reliance. The newspaper gave rise to the rapid development of journalism in Russia and contributed to the cultural development of the country. In 1755, the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” was created under the leadership of the scientist and founder of Moscow University M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765). IN present time Over 74,000 publications are registered in the Russian register of print media (although less than half are present on the market), and the total circulation of publications is about 5 billion copies.

Future journalists need to understand that this profession is not only creativity, but also a great responsibility for every word written and spoken. Every professional journalist must be able to convey objective information to the audience. It is believed that the main function of journalistic activity is the creation of an information channel between the state and society, as well as the formation of public opinion.

There are three stages of a journalist’s work:

• searching for information (makes up 90% of a specialist’s work; methods of obtaining information are different, mainly by observing the object of research, interviews and working with the necessary documents);
• processing of information (includes analysis of received information, verification of facts, clarification of questions that have arisen, as well as the final formation of material and its editing);
• feedback (the journalist must monitor the audience’s opinion, and if any legal disputes be prepared to defend your point of view in court).

Required professional skills and knowledge

• ability to work with information (find, study, select, analyze, compare and evaluate facts);
• ability to highlight the main thing in a large volume of information;
• the ability to find an explanation with facts;
• the ability to speak or write quickly, competently, easily and at the same time interesting and not trivial;
• ability to handle professional instruments and equipment necessary for the work of a journalist (dictaphone, camera, etc.);
• knowledge of the Media Law and the ability to use it;
• the ability to ask uncomfortable questions and get to the root of the problem;
• professional ethics, tact.

Personal qualities

• the ability to express one’s thoughts accurately and clearly;
• active participation in public life;
• ability to quickly switch from one job to another;
• ability to analyze events and phenomena;
• broad outlook;
• ability to complete work quickly and on time;
• sociability, charm;
• efficiency, perseverance;
• objectivity;
• observation;
• communication skills, ability to work in a team;
• initiative;
• efficiency and hard work;
• endurance, stress resistance.

Pros and cons of the profession

• The work of a journalist is associated with great nervous, emotional, and physical overload, and work in emergency mode;
• irregular working hours.

• interesting, creative profession;
• provides an opportunity to express your point of view through texts and articles;
• often having a flexible work schedule;
• the opportunity to travel, journalists are allowed to go where ordinary people are not allowed;
• meeting and communicating with many famous, talented people.

Place of work

• publishing houses;
• newspapers and magazines;
• TV;
• radio;
• advertising and marketing agencies;
• press services of various organizations.

Salary and career

Salary as of 02/11/2019

Russia 14000—45000 ₽

Moscow 30000—150000 ₽

A journalist’s salary depends on his experience, fame, the topic of his materials, as well as his place of work. Specialists writing on political or economic topics traditionally receive more than, for example, “cultural experts.” However, if the publication has a narrow focus and requires additional knowledge, then the starting income increases. As professionalism increases, wages also increase.

Traditionally, television and radio journalism are more prestigious than working in the press. Most often, the most active and attractive ones make their way onto television (they usually start their careers with cable television), and on the radio the fastest (necessarily with good diction). But most journalists still work in various editorial offices of newspapers, magazines and websites.

All journalists are familiar with the expression: first you work for your name, and only then does the name work for you. Young professionals usually begin their journalism career as a freelance correspondent. And only then, if the journalist manages to properly establish himself, his income will increase sharply and employers will begin to attract him to their publishing houses.

Vertical career looks like this: column editor, department head, production editor, media editor-in-chief.

Horizontal career development looks like working in several media outlets at once.

Who is a journalist?

Lord of Thoughts? A creatively minded philologist with a high level of sociability? A romantic, always open to new things and ready to “stay awake for three days for a few lines in the newspaper”?

All answer options are fundamentally untrue. Do you want to know what this profession really is? Read this article carefully.

The truth about journalistic everyday life

The work of an ordinary correspondent these days resembles work on an assembly line.

Information spreads quickly and instantly loses value. Information has to be collected on the run and compiled into ready-made materials (videos, notes, radio broadcasts) at breakneck speed.

Some journalists have the luxury of doing analysis or poring over feature stories, but those lucky few are few.

Their ranks, as a rule, include seasoned employees with extensive experience.

Significant disadvantages of the profession

Perhaps the primary disadvantage of this specialty should be considered the inevitable constant overwork. It consists of:

• stress caused by the need to submit materials to strictly defined deadlines;
• emotional overload (in any mood you have to smile at your interlocutors, you need to look for a delicate approach to each person);
• irregular working hours;
• the burden of other people's problems - you have to talk mainly about conflict situations;
• the need to daily navigate completely unfamiliar areas of knowledge.

In second place in importance is another important disadvantage - very high degree responsibility. Any information, even harmless at first glance, may be objectionable to someone. The dissatisfaction of the offended party is sometimes expressed only in angry calls and complaints, and sometimes in the filing of a serious lawsuit (for example, with an accusation of libel).

Finally, the third annoying circumstance. There is very little creativity in modern journalism. All media are dependent to one degree or another - either on government or commercial structures. You have to write and speak not just what you would like, but what is expected in the given format. The format determines not only the content, but also the style of the text.

Now journalists have to master styles that cannot be learned from books - large editorial offices and television and radio companies are moving to the Internet, and the Internet has its own laws.

Advantages of correspondent work

A journalist never lacks communication and vivid impressions. It is easy for him to make interesting and useful contacts. Bypassing the steps of the social ladder, he can easily communicate on equal terms with governors, directors of corporations, and stars.

The correspondent often travels at government expense and attends events and buffets for free, the attendance of which costs other guests a pretty penny. He usually manages to regulate his earnings, increasing income as needed (payment, as a rule, consists of a constant salary and an allowance directly proportional to the amount of material delivered).

After reading the article, did you decide that the advantages of the journalistic profession outweigh the disadvantages? Well, then we invite you to familiarize yourself with our database.

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