TASS DOSSIER. On January 29, Russian President Vladimir Putin will hold talks in Moscow with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The leaders of the two countries plan to discuss issues of trade, economic, cultural and humanitarian cooperation, as well as issues of Middle East settlement and the situation in Syria.

The TASS-DOSSIER editors have prepared material on Russian-Israeli relations.

Diplomatic relations

May 18, 1948 Soviet Union was the first to recognize the de jure state of Israel and already established diplomatic relations with it on May 26. This happened almost immediately after the creation of the Jewish state on May 14, 1948. In February 1953, on the initiative of the USSR, diplomatic relations were interrupted. The pretext was a bomb explosion on the territory of the USSR mission in Israel, for which the Soviet side blamed the Israeli government (at that time three people were injured).

Israeli intelligence services did not find any traces of involvement of any radical Jewish groups or Arab terrorists in the explosion. In July of the same year, diplomatic relations were restored.

In June 1967, the USSR broke off relations with Israel after the outbreak of the Six-Day War, demonstrating solidarity with Arab countries. The rupture of Soviet-Israeli relations lasted 24 years, which was due to the disagreement of the Soviet government with Israeli policy in the region (Arab-Israeli wars in 1973 and 1982). Only in 1987 were relations resumed through the consulate. Diplomatic relations were restored in full on October 18, 1991. In December 1991, Israel recognized Russia as the legal successor of the USSR.

Issues of Middle East settlement

Throughout the entire period of bilateral relations, the central theme of political interaction between Russia and Israel has been issues of Middle East settlement. As an active participant in the peace process and a member of the “quartet” of international mediators (Russia, USA, EU, UN), Moscow, when developing its position, relies on the fundamental UN Security Council resolutions 242, 338, 1397, 1515, the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002 and the road map from 2003 (proposed by the Quartet).

Russia stands for the creation of an independent Palestinian state provided for by these documents, coexisting in peace and security with Israel within the 1967 borders (as a result of the Six-Day War, Israel occupied the Palestinian territories - the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip), and the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from occupied territories. At the same time, the Russian Foreign Ministry strongly condemns terrorist attacks against Israeli civilians by extremist Palestinian groups that do not recognize the peace process and use violence as a tool to achieve political goals.

Russia, as a member of the Quartet for the Middle East settlement, advocates the early resumption of direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine, during which key issues about Israeli settlements, Palestinian refugees and the status of Jerusalem should be resolved. Negotiations between Israel and Palestine were suspended in April 2014 after rival Palestinian movements Fatah and Hamas announced the formation of a national unity government. Then Tel Aviv stated that it “will not negotiate with the Palestinian government, which is supported by the terrorist organization Hamas, which calls for the destruction of Israel.”

In December 2017, after US President Donald Trump's statement recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moving the American embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, Moscow expressed concern and emphasized that this could complicate Palestinian-Israeli relations. On December 6, the press secretary of the Russian head of state, Dmitry Peskov, confirmed Russia’s principled position, which is “to support the immediate resumption of direct Palestinian-Israeli negotiations on all controversial issues, including the status of Jerusalem.”

Issues of Syrian settlement

In recent years, one of the important topics The situation in Syria became the political agenda of Russian-Israeli negotiations. Russia and Israel take different positions regarding this conflict. Moscow is one of the initiators of a political settlement and negotiations between the government of Bashar al-Assad and the opposition forces. Russia supported the Syrian army in its fight against the militants of the Islamic State (IS, banned in Russia) and, after the defeat of IS, continues to assist Syrian government forces in the fight against other terrorist groups.

Israel does not support either side of the conflict and is not participating in peace negotiations on Syria. At the same time, Israeli aircraft regularly carry out raids in Syria against armed militants of the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, which is participating in hostilities on Assad’s side and has close ties with Iran. In order to protect the military forces of the two states from accidental clashes during operations on Syrian territory, in the fall of 2015, Israel and Russia established an exchange of information, for which a special coordination center was created under the Israeli General Staff.

Due to the fact that Russia is actively interacting with Iran in Syria, Israel expresses concern about the strengthening of Iran’s position in the region, as well as supplies to Tehran Russian weapons(anti-aircraft missile system S-300). On August 9, 2017, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that Israel demanded the withdrawal of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (an elite unit of the Iranian armed forces), Hezbollah fighters and Shiite militias loyal to Tehran from Syria.

According to the newspaper, this condition was put forward during a series of secret negotiations between Russia, the United States and Israel in Amman (Jordan) on de-escalation zones in Syria. The negotiations took place a few days before the meeting between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump on July 7, 2017 at the G20 summit in Hamburg, at which the issue of creating de-escalation zones in southwestern Syria (the areas of Daraa, Quneitra and Suwayda) was discussed. Israel did not support this zone agreement. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that it creates conditions for increasing the Iranian presence in Syria.

Economy

Issues of bilateral economic relations are supervised by the Mixed Russian-Israeli Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation (established in 1994) and the Russian-Israeli Business Council (established in 2010).

According to the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, trade turnover between Russia and Israel in 2017 amounted to $2.158 billion, which generally corresponds to the level of 2016 ($2.2 billion). The volume of Russian exports is $1.48 billion. In its structure, 43% are mineral products, 36% are jewelry. Israeli imports amounted to $678 million. The main items of import from Israel to the Russian Federation remain vegetables and fruits - 31%, machinery, equipment and equipment - 18%.

The parties plan to increase trade turnover after signing a free trade agreement between Israel and the Eurasian Economic Union. Consultations on such an agreement began in 2016.

Recently, large joint projects have been implemented in the field of high technology, space, construction, etc. A number of Russian companies operate in the Israeli information technology market. Thus, in 2010, Yandex invested $4.5 million in the Israeli startup Face.com (later acquired by Facebook for $100 million). On March 18, 2014, Yandex acquired another Israeli startup KitLocate, which provides mobile technology for collecting geodata. Russian company YotaDevices and Israeli Cellrox are jointly developing mobile technologies.

On March 27, 2011, Russia and Israel signed a framework agreement on cooperation in the field of exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. In 1995-2014, Russian launch vehicles launched nine Israeli satellites into low-Earth orbit. The last launch took place on June 19, 2014. Then the Russian-Ukrainian Dnepr launch vehicle, launched from the Yasny launch base in the Orenburg region, in a group launch launched the Israeli spacecraft Duchifat-1 into orbit.

Israel is also one of the destinations that Russians choose for vacation. According to the latest data from Rostourism, in the first nine months of 2017, 256 thousand of our compatriots visited Israel (in 2016 this figure was 213.7 thousand people).

Fundamental contradictions in the national interests of Russia and Israel

Mikhail Osherov

In recent years, there has been some improvement in relations between Russia and Israel. Visits of the Israeli leadership to Moscow have become quite common. Presidents of Israel have visited Moscow twice over the past three years, and Russian delegations of various levels come to Israel.

However, the relationship between Russia and Israel is influenced by fundamental political and geopolitical factors, the effects of which cannot be reversed by any personal diplomacy Benjamin Netanyahu, who regularly achieved great personal successes in negotiations in Russia, in particular, in matters of deferring Russian supplies of S-300 air defense systems to Iran and Syria.

In the gas sector, the State of Israel did not agree to partnerships with Gazprom, outsourcing natural gas production from the shelf to Israeli and American companies Mediterranean Sea and export to Europe, acting in this role as a competitor to Gazprom and thereby reducing Gazprom’s share in the European market.

In the military-political sphere, the State of Israel is a loyal partner of the United States, and more recently, a secret ally of Arab countries Persian Gulf, who have recently been interested, together with Israel, in the destruction of statehood in Syria.

In Israel there are over ten of the most important American military-strategic facilities - underground bunkers, underground warehouses with a capacity of hundreds of thousands of tons, the American missile defense early warning center ( missile defense), launchers for American and Israeli ballistic missiles and the largest base of the US 6th (Mediterranean) Fleet. The State of Israel is virtually fully integrated into the American global military system and is one of the US military outposts in the Middle East.

The State of Israel is one of Russia's largest and most dangerous competitors in the arms trade. Israeli arms exports amount to several billion dollars a year. Israel competes with Russia in the markets of many countries, in particular in the Indian and Chinese markets.

The contradictions between the national interests of Russia and Israel have become especially clear recently in connection with the aggravation of the political situation in Syria and in connection with the strengthening of the Russian military-technical presence in Syria.

Russia, providing full military and political support to the fraternal Syrian people, is interested in the revival of a united and territorially integral Syria, which contradicts Israeli interests and the Israeli national military-political doctrine, which implies the maximum weakening, even to the point of dismemberment, of all strong neighboring states that in one way or another oppose Israel in connections with border conflicts or in connection with the Arab-Israeli conflict. For example, the results of such an Israeli policy include the dismemberment of the previously united and strong state of Sudan into two states at war with each other. State of Israel since the 1970s. trained South Sudanese militants and fanned the fire civil war in this once strong and united African country. Hundreds of thousands of people killed, hundreds of thousands of refugees - this is the result of Israeli policy in Sudan and Israeli military doctrine. The State of Israel, in order to confront the Muslim states of northern Africa, supported the non-Muslim states of central Africa, in every possible way fueling conflicts in this region. Having supported Eritrean Muslim separatists against Christian Ethiopia, the State of Israel eventually gained a naval base on the Eritrean islands in the Red Sea.

In the Middle East itself, the State of Israel supports all possible separatist and anti-government forces in the region that are ready to cooperate with it (with the State of Israel) - Iranian Azerbaijanis and Iranian Kurds, Iraqi Kurds, Sunni militants in Lebanon and Syria.

The meaning of the military-political doctrine of Israel and the Israeli elite is very simple - at any cost to ensure the continued occupation of the Palestinian territories captured and illegally held by the state of Israel, in which an independent Palestinian state should be created, as well as the continued occupation of the Golan Heights captured in 1967 from Syria. To achieve these goals, the State of Israel, in order to avoid external military-political pressure, must have absolute military superiority in the region and constantly pursue a virtually hostile policy towards all countries that support the Palestinian Authority in one way or another and demand that the State of Israel create an independent Palestinian state.

In the post-Soviet space, the state of Israel fully supported the extremist regime of Saakashvili in Georgia. Israeli general Gal Hirsch, who was recently rejected by the Israeli Knesset for an important government post due to suspicions of corruption, including in Georgia, in the early 2000s. led a group of Israeli military advisers in Georgia who trained the Georgian army. Israeli military advisers left Georgia around August 2 or 3, 2008, apparently with advance knowledge of the Georgian attack on South Ossetia. The southern Jewish quarter of Tskhinval was shelled from Israeli weapons. The Georgian army made extensive use of various Israeli communications and electronic warfare systems. After the defeat of the Georgian army in the war of 08/08/08 great amount Israeli captured weapons and communications and electronic warfare systems ended up in Russia.

In other regions of the post-Soviet space, the State of Israel is pursuing a policy that is not the most friendly towards Russia. For example, in May last year, the Ambassador of the State of Israel to Ukraine Eliav Belotserkovsky, speaking at the opening of the honorary consulate of Israel, said that the State of Israel supports the position of the West condemning Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. This position of the West has resulted in strong economic sanctions against Russia, which, judging by this declaration by the Israeli ambassador to Ukraine, are supported by the state of Israel. At the same time, the State of Israel, which declares the memory of the Holocaust, has never officially condemned the policy of reviving fascism in Ukraine, officially pursued by the Ukrainian illegal authorities who came to power after coup d'etat in 2014

The intelligence services of the State of Israel feel at ease in the countries former USSR. Thus, in collaboration with the Ukrainian secret police - the SBU, they kidnapped the Palestinian engineer Dirar Abu-Sisi from the territory of Ukraine and secretly delivered to the territory of Israel. For the Israeli intelligence services, Azerbaijan has become the center of reconnaissance and sabotage and terrorist actions against Iran.

The State of Israel is maximally interested in weakening the central government in Syria. Over the past few years, the State of Israel has made its contribution to support international bandits fighting against the legitimate Syrian government. A military field hospital has been set up in the Golan Heights occupied by the state of Israel near Syria, through which several thousand bandits and murderers have passed. Particularly seriously wounded bandits are taken from this hospital to major Israeli hospitals. This entire infrastructure for supporting terror - transporting bandits from the Purple Line to the hospital and treating Syrian bandits in the Israeli military hospital and in Israeli civilian hospitals - has already cost the State of Israel several tens of millions of shekels. The state of Israel conducts constant aerial and electronic reconnaissance against Syria. Several years ago, in 2013, a Fox News television crew captured with their cameras the return of Israeli special forces from Syria.

In recent years, until recently, Israeli aviation bombed and destroyed objects in Syria. During these raids, several dozen soldiers and officers of the Syrian army and the Lebanese Hezbollah movement were killed. It is possible that during these Israeli acts of aggression against Syria, the lives of Russian soldiers and officers stationed in Syria were endangered.

Russia's national interest in the Middle East lies in a few simple things.

Firstly, Russia is interested in a strong and united Syria. The goal of strengthening the Russian military presence in Syria is to assist in restoring the full sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria, which means, among other things, air support for the combat operations of the Syrian army, assistance in planning operations, training, assistance in operational-tactical issues, supplies of military equipment and weapons, as well as “closing” the Syrian sky with air defense and electronic warfare systems.

Secondly, Russia is interested in establishing a lasting and comprehensive peace in the Middle East. The only essential condition for concluding peace in the region and geopolitical unblocking of transcontinental routes is the end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands and the creation of an independent Palestinian state. All other regional problems are less significant and less significant.

To achieve comprehensive peace in the Middle East, all that is required is the fulfillment of one single condition - an end to the Israeli occupation of Syrian and Palestinian lands. This is only possible under the condition of constant and effective external political and economic pressure on the State of Israel. Russia is one of the few countries in the world that, in cooperation with other countries of the world, can solve the problem of the conflict in the Middle East.

The Russian leadership, when making certain decisions in relations with the state of Israel, must fully take into account the national interests of its country and the peoples of the Middle East.

Iskander-E missile launchers - also known as SS-X-26. The tactical and technical characteristics of the missile allow it to protect itself from the Hetz anti-missile (Arrow), a range of up to 280 km, allowing, in the event of missile deployment in the Golan Heights, to strike any major populated area in Israel and the nuclear reactor in Dimona.

Last week a major international scandal broke out. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon demanded that Russia not sell new missile systems to Syria. At the same time, the authorities of our country categorically denied the existence of any agreements on arms supplies. The United States immediately intervened in the situation and threatened Russia with sanctions if the missiles did hit Syria. So what exactly caused all the fuss to flare up?

In fact, many security experts were skeptical of claims that missile sales were at the heart of the conflict between Russia and Israel. Firstly, this deal is not new, it was discussed 2 years ago, and the Russians were going to supply missiles not only to Syria, but also to Iran. Secondly, the Americans probably would not have allowed a project of this scale. Thirdly, Syria simply does not have the money for transactions, the cost of which is 2 of the country’s annual military budget! In the fall of 2004, Syria was going to purchase BUK anti-aircraft systems from Russia, but there was not enough money. At the same time, BUKs cost almost an order of magnitude less than the SS-26s we are talking about now. Of course, there is a possibility that Saddam Hussein's money could remain in Syrian banks, which he received from illegal oil transactions under the Oil-for-Food program. According to rumors, it was from them that the purchase of anti-tank weapons in Russia was paid for 2 years ago. missile systems"Kornet-E" and "Metis-M", with a total cost of $150 million.

But in any case, the “missile crisis” is just the tip of the iceberg of problems that Russia and Israel have recently accumulated. What is at its base? This is what most Middle Eastern experts are wondering about now.

Option one. "Orange" oligarchs

The loudest version of the reason for the cooling of Russian-Israeli relations is Ukrainian.

It is no secret that the disgraced Russian oligarchs, both living in Israel and regularly visiting it, were the main force behind Viktor Yushchenko and his “ orange revolution" According to some reports, because of this, the Russian leadership decided to freeze relations with the Jewish state. As confirmation of this version, they cited, very opportunely, the transfer of 59.5% of the shares of Group Menatep Limited by Mikhail Khodorkovsky to Leonid Nevzlin living in Israel, and the visit to the Holy Land of Boris Berezovsky, who in one of his interviews stated that now Putin is “for YUKOS and Khodorkovsky "They will take revenge.

Option two. Peaceful and non-peaceful atom

They say that the deterioration of relations may also be associated with the Iranian nuclear reactor being built by Russia in Bushehr. Israel is preventing its construction, saying that with the help of the reactor by 2008, Tehran will have atomic weapons. Well, this is a serious threat to Tel Aviv. Such a confrontation, of course, could not but affect diplomatic relations.

Option three. Death Merchants Competition

The reason could also be rivalry in the arms market, because in 2004 Israel took third place in it, earning almost $4 billion. Only $1.5 billion less than Russia! At the same time, Tel Aviv won most of the tenders for the supply of anti-tank missiles held in Eastern Europe for 3 years. recent years. Recent deals with India, as well as the Israelis’ specialization in fine-tuning Russian technology, could well have cooled relations between the countries. Moreover, the Jewish state recently sold Harpy unmanned aircraft to China, which are used not only for reconnaissance purposes, but also as remote-controlled kamikazes. Not only did the Israelis make a deal against the wishes of the United States, they also took up the task of modernizing these drones. Russia, like the United States, is wary of China's rise, and their concern about Israel's actions is understandable.

Option four. Oil is the boss of everything

It is likely that Russian-Israeli tensions also have a less romantic background. After all, these countries cannot in any way share the future profits from the transportation of Russian oil along the Novorossiysk - Ashkelon - Eilat (Tipline) - Bombay route. This oil is to be supplied to the Indian company Videsh and has long been a bone of contention. The most prosaic thing.

The evolution of relations between Russia and Israel from 1947 to the present

§ 1. Beginning diplomatic relations Russia and Israel. Recognition of Israel by the Soviet Union

The USSR supported resolution 181/II, adopted by the UN General Assembly on November 29, 1947, on the creation of two independent states in Palestine, and thus contributed to the appearance of the State of Israel on the world map. On April 20, 1948, at a meeting of the First Committee of the Second Special Session of the UN General Assembly, convened to discuss the military-political situation in Palestine, which sharply worsened after the approval of the partition plan for the country, A. Gromyko stated that “the division of Palestine into two states represents the most fair solution". Daurov R. Diplomatic relations with Israel. The road is 15 years long // World economy and International Relations. - 2006. No. 11 P.76. The Soviet diplomat also accused Great Britain, as a “mandate power,” of having “not only failed to ensure basic order in Palestine, but even opened the border of this state to armed gangs” (that is, Arab paramilitary units) and spoke of “preventing further invasion such groups to Palestine." Soviet-Israeli relations. Collection of documents. T 1. book. 1. M., 2000. C302.

The Soviet Union recognized Israel de jure on May 17, 1948. It was the first country to fully recognize Israel. The recognition followed the receipt of a message from Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett to Soviet Foreign Minister V. Molotov, in which he requested official recognition by the government of the Soviet Union of the State of Israel and its provisional government. Sharett expressed hope that this recognition will strengthen friendly relations“between the Soviet Union and its people” and “the State of Israel and the Jewish people living therein.”

In a statement dated May 18, 1948, on the official recognition of the State of Israel and its provisional government, V. Molotov expressed the hope that “the creation of a sovereign state by the Jewish people will lead to the strengthening of peace and security in Palestine and the Middle East,” and the faith of the government of the Soviet Union “in development of friendly relations between the Soviet Union and the State of Israel." Govrin Yosef. Israeli-Soviet relations 1953-1967. Per. from Hebrew. A. Varshavsky Progress: Culture.

In those fateful days, the Soviet Union came out in support of Israel. He acted both through the UN, where he sharply condemned the incursion of Arab armies into Israeli territory and called for their immediate withdrawal, and by providing Israel, through Czechoslovakia, with military assistance vital to repelling the invading armies. The Soviet Union expected that in response to political and military assistance, Israel would side with it in a confrontation between the blocs.

On June 27, 1948, the exchange of official representations between the two countries was officially announced in Tel Aviv and Moscow. P.A. was appointed plenipotentiary ambassador of the Soviet Union. Ershov, and G. Meir (Meerson) was appointed Ambassador Plenipotentiary of Israel. July 15, 1948 The representative of Ukraine in the UN Security Council sharply condemned the plan of Count F. Bernadotte, according to which the territories of the Negav and Galilee were recommended to be transferred to Jordan, characterizing it as a plan aimed at the destruction of the State of Israel.

On August 26, 1948, in Tel Aviv, the Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union organized an evening in honor of G. Meir and in connection with her departure to Moscow, at which she, in particular, stated, “We must develop mutual understanding and friendship with the Soviet Union. I want a direct and close connection to be created with Soviet Jews. I want to work with them in a friendly atmosphere and strive to win their friendship. I want this direct connection to lead us to good relationship with the Jews of the Soviet Union." Vasiliev A.M. Russia in the Near and Middle East. From messianism to pragmatism. M., 1993

On October 5, 1948, the military attache of the Israeli embassy in Moscow discussed with the Soviet military leadership the following issues of military cooperation between the Soviet Union and Israel: a) training of command personnel; b) supply of captured goods German weapons; c) naval or air force bases. A month later, G. Meir and M. Namir presented a similar list of military equipment to the head of the Middle East department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union. The reaction of the Foreign Ministry official was restrained. He expressed fears that these negotiations would become known, since the UN prohibits the supply of weapons to parties involved in the conflict. He added that this would not only damage the USSR, but also complicate the situation for Israel. On November 24, 1948, at the third (political) session of the UN General Assembly, the Soviet Union proposed a draft decision on the immediate withdrawal of the Arab armies that invaded Israel. Daurov R. Diplomatic relations with Israel. A 15-year road // World Economy and International Relations. - 2006. No. 11 The representative of the Soviet Union, Kiselev, stated that Israel was created as a result of an armed struggle for freedom and independence. On December 19, 1948, the Soviet Union votes to admit Israel to the UN. The proposal is rejected due to lack of the required majority vote. On February 7, 1949, the first Soviet protest was declared to the Israeli Embassy in Moscow, in which charges were brought on 2 counts:

1. The embassy is sending letters to citizens of the Soviet Union of Jewish nationality, urging them to leave the Soviet Union, renounce Soviet citizenship and repatriate to Israel. Since this activity is illegal and does not comply with the status of a diplomatic mission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union recommends that the Israeli embassy stop it.

2. The Embassy issues and distributes a newsletter in violation of the rules adopted in the Soviet Union. The Embassy should stop issuing this newsletter.

On February 13, 1949, the Soviet Ambassador in Washington made a statement to the Israeli Ambassador in Washington regarding rumors that Israel was going to join the Marshall Plan. He assured the Israeli ambassador that “the Soviet Union has no intention of asking Israel to join the bloc of states it leads, but the Soviet Union wants Israel to remain a country pursuing an independent foreign policy, a country free from foreign influence and foreign power.” On March 20, 1949, the Knesset Declaration of Principles stated that Israel would be faithful to the UN Charter and would maintain friendly relations with all countries seeking peace, especially the USSR and the USA. G. Meir asked for a trade loan, to expedite the consideration of Israel's request for the supply of weapons from the Soviet Union, and for the Soviet Union to exert influence on Romania and Hungary in order to allow the governments of these countries to repatriate Jews to Israel. May 5, 1949 The representative of the Soviet Union to the UN demanded the immediate admission of Israel to the UN and condemned the delays caused by other countries on this issue. May 11, 1949 Israel at the UN with the energetic support of the Soviet Union. July 7, 1949 M. Namir, as the plenipotentiary ambassador of Israel, presents his credentials to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council.

On April 17, 1950, the permanent representative of the Soviet Union to the UN, Yakov Malik, presented Secretary General UN message, which stated that the decision of the General Assembly of December 1948 establishing international control over Jerusalem does not satisfy the Arab and Jewish population not only of Jerusalem, but also of Palestine as a whole, and in such conditions the government of the Soviet Union considers it necessary to refuse support for this solutions. The government of the Soviet Union expressed confidence that the UN could find a solution to the problem of Jerusalem - a solution that would be acceptable to both the Arab and Jewish inhabitants of the city. On May 25, 1950, Israel welcomed the American-British-French Tripartite Declaration on the supply of arms and security guarantees to Israel and Arab countries. On October 4, 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War, Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett opposed a Soviet proposal calling for the withdrawal of American forces from Korea. Israel announces its decision to send a shipment of medicines to South Korea. On October 30, 1950, the Israeli representative to the UN joined the opponents of the Soviet draft resolution on the issue of a peace convention and the prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons. On January 9, 1951, the Soviet Union rejected at the UN the Israeli delegation's plan on the Korean issue, which demanded the immediate withdrawal of all foreign forces from Korea. On May 20, 1951, he abstained from voting on a draft resolution proposed by Western countries calling for Israel to be condemned for the bombing of Al-Hama and forbidden from continuing to drain the Hula Valley. On November 21, 1951, in a message to the countries of the Middle East, Deputy Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union Andrei Gromyko opposed the regional command plan proposed by the United States for the area. He warned that joining it would lead to worsening relations with the Soviet Union. December 8, 1951 Israel's response to the Soviet message clarified that Israel was not invited to participate in this project, although it was informed about the formation of a command; The Israeli side also noted that it found no reason to consider such a command aggressive. Israel also stressed that there are no foreign bases on its territory and that it strives for peace. Using this opportunity, Israel called on the government of the Soviet Union to allow the repatriation of Soviet Jews to Israel. On February 9, 1953, a bomb was thrown onto the territory of the Soviet embassy in Tel Aviv. Three people from the embassy were wounded. The President and Prime Minister of the state expressed deep regret over this act and promised to apprehend the criminals and try them. On February 13, 1953, the government of the Soviet Union informed the Israeli government of its decision to sever diplomatic relations with Israel. On February 17, 1953, Prime Minister D. Ben-Gurion expressed in the Knesset his surprise and deep concern at this decision of the Soviet Union. On February 19 - 21, 1953, the staff of the Israeli embassy in Moscow left the Soviet Union, and the staff of the embassy in Tel Aviv left Israel.

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In 1947, the USSR decided to support the plan for the division of Palestine at the UN and recognized Israel immediately after its proclamation. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Israel were established in May 1948. On June 10, 1967, diplomatic relations were interrupted with the outbreak of the Six-Day War. In 1985, negotiations began between Moscow and Tel Aviv on the restoration of diplomatic relations, which ended with the visit of the first Israeli delegation to Moscow in 1988. In 1987, consular contacts were resumed, and on October 8, 1991, diplomatic relations were restored in in full. In December 1991, the Russian embassy in Tel Aviv and the Israeli embassy in Moscow were opened.

An active political dialogue is maintained between our countries. An important factor in bilateral relations is the presence in Israel of a large (more than a million people) community of Russian-speaking immigrants from the former USSR. The practice of regular political consultations has developed, and delegation exchanges are carried out at various levels.

The visit of V.V. Putin in April 2005 was of historical significance - the first visit of the head of the Russian State to the State of Israel. Recently, Russian-Israeli summits have been held almost annually (September 2009, February 2010, March 2011). In June 2012, President V.V. Putin, as part of a two-day Middle East tour, again visited Israel, where he took part at the opening ceremony of the memorial in honor of the victory of the Red Army over Nazi Germany in Netanya. In November 2012, Israeli President Sh. Peres visited Moscow. In June 2013 - a meeting between V.V. Putin and Prime Minister B. Netanyahu.

The following intergovernmental agreements are in force between Russia and Israel: On air services (1993); On trade and economic cooperation (1994); On scientific and technical cooperation (1994), On cooperation in the field of agro-industrial complex (1994); On cooperation in the field of healthcare and medical science (1994); On cooperation in the field of culture and education (1994); On cooperation in the field of tourism (1994); Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income (1994); On cooperation in the field of postal and electrical communications (1995); On the establishment and conditions of operation of cultural centers (1996); On cooperation and mutual assistance in customs affairs (1997); On cooperation in the fight against crime (1997); On special measures to ensure the safety of civil aviation (1997); On the timing and procedure for issuing visas for holders of diplomatic and service passports (2002); On cooperation in the field of maritime transport (2003); On military-technical cooperation in the interests of third countries (2005); On the waiver of visa requirements for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the State of Israel (2008); On cooperation in the field of industrial R&D (2010).

Also concluded: Inter-Ministry of Foreign Affairs Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the field of improving professional and language training of diplomatic personnel (1998); Memorandum on deepening inter-Ministry of Foreign Affairs cooperation (2004); Memorandum of cooperation between the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and the Office of the State Comptroller of Israel (2006); Agreement on cooperation and partnership between the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Federation of Israeli Economic Organizations (2006); Agreement on Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes (2011); Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Social Security (2016); Exchange Agreement on the exchange of information through customs services (2016); Agreement on cooperation in the fields of construction and housing sector(2016), Memorandum of cooperation between the Prosecutor General's Office of Russia and the Ministry of Justice of Israel (2017), Memorandum of cooperation between Rosarkhiv and the State Archive of Israel (2017), Protocol on amendments to the Agreement between the governments of Russia and Israel on air services (2017).