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MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

“ULYANOVSK INSTITUTE OF CIVIL AVIATION NAMED AFTER CHIEF MARSHAL OF AVIATION B.P. BUGAEV"

Department of Air Traffic Control and Navigation

Academic discipline: “Aviation Meteorology”

on the topic: “Local winds”

Completed by: cadet study group D-14-2

Kulagin Yu.V.

Checked by: senior teacher Department of ATC and N Buzaeva S.V.

Ulyanovsk 2016

1. Local winds

wind atmosphere sirocco

Local winds are winds that differ in some way from the main character of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but, like constant winds, regularly repeat and have a noticeable impact on the weather regime in a limited part of the landscape or water area.

Local winds include a breeze that changes its direction twice a day, mountain-valley winds, bora, foehn, dry winds, samum and many others.

Emergence local winds is associated mainly with the difference in temperature conditions over large bodies of water (breezes) or mountains, their extension relative to general circulation flows and the location of mountain valleys (fen, bora, mountain-valley), as well as with changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere by local conditions (samum, sirocco, khamsin). Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are classified as local winds and given their own names.

For example, on Baikal alone, due to the difference in heating of water and land and the complex arrangement of steep ridges with deep valleys, at least 5 local winds are distinguished: Barguzin - warm northeastern, mountain - northeastern West wind, causing powerful storms, sarma - a sudden westerly wind, reaching hurricane force up to 80 m/s, valley - southwestern kultuk and southeastern shelonik.

Bora (Italian bora, from the Greek vpsEbt - north wind; “boreas” - cold north wind) is a strong cold gusty local wind that occurs when a flow of cold air encounters a hill on its way; Having overcome the obstacle, the bora hits the coast with enormous force. The vertical dimensions of the bora are several hundred meters. As a rule, it affects small areas where low mountains directly border the sea.

In Russia, the forests of Novorossiysk Bay and Gelendzhik Bay (where they have a northeastern direction and blow more than 40 days a year), Novaya Zemlya, the shores of Lake Baikal (Sarma near the Olkhon Gate Strait), and the Chukotka city of Pevek (the so-called “yuzhak”) are especially strong. ). In Europe, the most famous are the forests of the Adriatic Sea (in the area of ​​​​the cities of Trieste, Rijeka, Zadar, Senj, etc.). In Croatia the wind is called boomra. The “nord” wind in the Baku region, the mistral on the Mediterranean coast of France from Montpellier to Toulon, and the “north ser” in the Gulf of Mexico are also similar to bora. The duration of the bora is from a day to a week. The daily temperature difference during bora can reach 40 °C.

Scheme of bora occurrence

Bora occurs in Novorossiysk and the Adriatic coast in cases where a cold front approaches the coastal ridge from the northeast. The cold front immediately passes over a low ridge. Under the influence of gravity cold air falls down the mountain ridge, acquiring greater speed.

Before the appearance of the bora, thick clouds can be observed at the tops of the mountains, which the residents of Novorossiysk call “beard”. Initially, the wind is extremely unstable, changing direction and strength, but gradually acquires a certain direction and enormous speed - up to 60 m/s at the Markotkhsky pass near Novorossiysk. In 1928, a wind gust of 80 m/s was recorded. On average, the wind speed during boron reaches more than 20 m/s in the Novorossiysk region in winter. Falling on the surface of the water, this downdraft generates gale force winds, causing strong rough seas. At the same time, the air temperature drops sharply, which before the start of the bora was quite high over the warm sea.

Sometimes boron causes significant destruction in the coastal strip (for example, in Novorossiysk in 2002, bora caused the death of several dozen people); at sea, the wind contributes to strong waves; increased waves flood the shores and also cause destruction; during severe frosts (in Novorossiysk about? 20...? 24 °C) they freeze and an ice crust forms (on the Adriatic the only place where an ice crust forms is the city of Senj). Sometimes bora is felt far from the coast (on the Black Sea 10-15 kilometers deep into the sea, on the Adriatic, at some synoptic positions it covers a significant part of the sea).

3. Mistral

Mistral (French mistral) is a cold northwest wind that blows from the Cevennes to the Mediterranean coast of France in the spring months and is a real scourge Agriculture the Rhone Valley and all of Provence. The mistral is a type of katabatic wind. Often the wind is so strong that it uproots trees. In any case, its constant influence is noticeable on solitary trees, which are often tilted to the south.

In the eastern part of the Cote d'Azur, the effect of the mistral is much weaker.

The Mistral is formed when the Atlantic anticyclone and the North Sea cyclone meet.

A tree grown in a constantly blowing mistral.

4. Pampero

Pampero (Spanish pampero, plural pampemros - “wind from the pampa”) is a cold stormy south or southwest wind in the eastern part of Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, sometimes with rain. Associated with incursions of Antarctic air.

They usually occur suddenly after warm northern winds, carry clouds of dust and are accompanied by a rapid increase in pressure and a decrease in temperature. Their properties are quite consistent with the cold, dry northwest winds off the eastern coasts of Asia and North America. On the shore, pampero is often replaced by cold and strong, but humid, southeast winds. In open space, wind speed reaches 25 m/s.

The first stage is usually called Pampero Hamedo (“wet pampero”), bringing showers and snowfall, and the second stage is Pampero Seco (“dry pampero”), which turns into the dust storm Pampero Sucio. Although pampero can occur at any time of the year, it is usually worst during the early summer in the Southern Hemisphere, between October and January.

Dry cold diapers are carried great amount dust and small pebbles. Due to wind-driven storms, shipping is difficult off the coast of Patagonia. Pampero, as well as the sultry north wind “norte”, blow away the soil layer, forming dune areas.

Föhn (German Föhn, from Latin favonius - the Roman equivalent of Zephyr) is a strong, gusty, warm and dry local wind blowing from the mountains to the valleys.

Cold air from the highlands quickly falls down through relatively narrow intermountain valleys, which leads to its adiabatic heating. When descending for every 100 m, the air warms up by approximately 1 °C. Descending from a height of 2500 m, it heats up by 25 degrees and becomes warm, even hot. Usually the hairdryer lasts less than a day, but sometimes the duration reaches 5 days, and changes in temperature and relative humidity can be rapid and abrupt.

Hairdryers are especially frequent in spring, when the intensity of the general circulation of air masses sharply increases. Unlike a foehn, bora is formed when masses of dense cold air invade.

6. Sirocco

Scirocco is rarely scirocco, (Italian scirocco, from Arabic FSUE - sharq - east) - a strong south or southwest wind in Italy, and this name is also applied to the wind of the entire Mediterranean basin, originating in North Africa, the Middle East and having its own name and its own characteristics in different regions.

The difference between this regular air flow in some ways and the main character of the general circulation of the atmosphere, as well as a noticeable influence on the weather regime in the Mediterranean region, makes it possible to classify the sirocco as a local wind. The direction is south, southeast or east (sometimes even southwest). In the centers of formation, and when it passes through the mountains in southern Europe, on the leeward side it acquires the character of a foehn. Occurs at all times of the year; in summer - less often, in spring and autumn - more often. It reaches its greatest strength in March and November. In some regions, it sometimes reaches speeds of up to 100 km/h (55 knots - hurricane force), reaching gale force (from 2 to 9 on the Beaufort scale), although in some places it is considered a moderate wind. Usually worsens in the afternoon, and weakens in the evening and at night. It blows for 2-3 days in a row, but can last half a day or many days. It has a depressing effect on people.

Sirocco originates in the depths of the Arabian and North African deserts. It originates in warm, dry, tropical air masses that move north toward low pressure eastward across the Mediterranean Sea. Hot, dry continental air mixes with cooler, wetter air from the offshore cyclone and moves counterclockwise toward the southern coast of Europe. On its way through the Mediterranean Sea, it becomes more humid, but nevertheless often dries out the vegetation of southern Europe, also bringing large masses of dust.

It is generally believed that sirocco is a suffocating, burning, very dusty wind with high temperature(up to 35 °C at night) and low relative humidity (see dry wind), however, in some areas of the Mediterranean it is a warm, moist sea wind. It sometimes causes dusty, dry weather along the northern coast of Africa, storms in the Mediterranean and cold, wet weather in Europe. It causes dry fogs and dusty haze.

Dust brought by sirocco can damage mechanical devices and enter living spaces. Sirocco is unhealthy regardless of whether it is wet or dry. Some sirocco cause nervous disorders, headaches, neuralgia, weakness, sleep disturbances, increased irritability, etc., even to the point of insanity. There are even legends that crimes committed during the sirocco were once forgiven, being attributed to its maddening dryness and heat.

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Local winds are called winds that have local distribution. They arise due to geographical features territory: the presence of large bodies of water, the specific orography of the region, etc.

Local winds of various origins include breezes, mountain-valley winds, slope winds, glacial winds, foehn, and bora.

Breezes(fr. brise- light wind) - winds along the shores of seas, large lakes and rivers, changing direction twice a day to the opposite: the daytime breeze blows from the reservoir to the shore, the night breeze - from the shore to the reservoir. Breezes are caused by the daily variation of temperature and, accordingly, pressure over land and water. They capture a layer of air of 1–2 km. Their speed is low - 3 - 5 m/s. A very strong daytime sea breeze is observed on the western desert coasts of continents in tropical latitudes, washed by cold currents and cold water, rising off the coast in the upwelling zone. There it invades tens of kilometers inland and produces a strong climatic effect: it reduces the temperature, especially in summer, by 5–7 °C, and in West Africa by 10 °C, increases relative air humidity to 85%, promotes the formation of fogs and grew up

Phenomena similar to daytime sea breezes can be observed on the outskirts of large cities, where there is a circulation of colder air from the suburbs to the center, since “heat spots” exist over the cities throughout the year.

Mountain-valley winds and slope winds in the mountains they have a daily periodicity: during the day the wind blows up the valley and along the mountain slopes, at night, on the contrary, the cooled, heavier air descends down. Daytime air rise leads to the formation cumulus clouds over the mountain slopes, at night cloudiness disappears due to the lowering and adiabatic heating of the air.

Glacial (katabatic) winds – These are cold winds that constantly blow from mountain glaciers down the slopes and valleys. They are caused by cooling of the air above the ice. Their speed is 5–10 m/s, but along the edges of ice caps on the coasts of Antarctica and Greenland it can increase to 20 m/s. The power of the drain air flows is several tens or hundreds of meters. They are more intense at night, as they are amplified by slope winds.

Rice. 69. Scheme of hair dryer formation (according to I. I. Guralnik)

Hairdryer- a warm, dry, gusty wind blowing from the mountains to the valleys or foothills. With a hairdryer, the temperature at the foot of the leeward side of the mountains can rise by tens of degrees in a few hours, and the relative humidity can drop to 10–20%. The duration of hair dryers ranges from several hours to several days. The foehn is formed due to the fact that when ascending the windward slope of the mountains, the air in the lower part of the path to the condensation level is cooled along a dry adiabatic gradient (1 ° / 100 m), and top part path - along a humid adiabatic path (0.5°/100 m). As the air descends, it heats up dry adiabatically and arrives at the foot of the mountains or in the valley with a higher temperature. The absolute and relative humidity of the hair dryer, on the contrary, is reduced. The decrease in absolute air humidity is due to the formation of clouds and orographic precipitation on the windward slopes of the mountains. In addition, the relative humidity in the hair dryer decreases as the temperature rises and, accordingly, the maximum air humidity increases. The foehn effect is more significant at higher mountain altitudes and in the cold half of the year, when the initial relative air humidity is higher and therefore the level of condensation on the windward side of the ridge is lower (Fig. 69).

The climatic effect of a hairdryer is significant, especially if it is intense and long-lasting. In places where hair dryers constantly develop, abnormally elevated air temperatures are observed. A hairdryer can lead to avalanches, rapid melting of snow in the mountains and overflows of mountain rivers fed by glaciers and snow. In spring, a hair dryer can cause premature flowering of garden plants or the death of inflorescences. In summer it either accelerates the ripening of bread and fruit or has a detrimental effect on them. As a result of the hairdryer, summer leaf fall often occurs. Fen are frequent in the Alps (Innsbruck - 75 days a year), in the Western Caucasus and Transcaucasia (Kutaisi - 114 days), in Altai (Lake Teletskoye - 150 days), on the southern slope of the Crimean Mountains, on the northern slope of Kopetdag (local name for fen - harmsil), on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, on the eastern leeward slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, at the foot of which is the hot, arid depression of Death Valley, in the Mojave Desert and in many other mountains.

Bora– a strong, cold, gusty wind blowing from low mountains towards the relatively warm sea. Bora has been fairly well studied in the area of ​​Novorossiysk Bay on the Black Sea, where it occurs on average 46 days a year. Similar winds are observed on the Adriatic coast - in Yugoslavia and Italy, near the city of Trieste, in the south of France (mistral), near Baku (north), on Lake Baikal (Sarma) and in other places. Bora occurs in winter, from November to March, when a cold front approaches the low ridges along the coast from the landward side. In the Novorossiysk region, a strong cold wind rushes down from the mountain slope of the Varada ridge, through the Markhotsky pass, and acquires a speed of more than 20 m/s, causing destruction on land. On the surface of the water, a storm wind produces strong waves. At the same time, the air temperature drops sharply, often to sub-zero values. When water hits ships and coastal buildings, it quickly freezes, covering them with an icy crust. A preventive measure to combat bora is for ships to go out to the open sea several tens of kilometers from the coast, where the wind subsides.

If we list all the local winds of the Mediterranean Sea, there will probably be several hundred. Not all of them have important: Many of the names are historical names for winds blowing from a particular direction. However, some wind names describe stable phenomena that occur year after year at approximately the same time - winds such as mistral, bora or meltemi can be inconvenient and, under certain conditions, dangerous for navigation.

For convenience, we have divided our overview of the main local winds of the Mediterranean into three small groups: western, central and eastern. Below are not all local winds that are identified by local residents as individual meteorological phenomena - we have considered only the most important of them, most often mentioned in meteorological weather reports, forecasts and directions.

Western Mediterranean

Levante: East wind blowing in the Strait of Gibraltar and the Alboran Sea, between Spain and Morocco. This is usually a moderate wind, bringing with it moist air, heavy dew, local cloudiness and sometimes rain. Levante can blow at any time of the year, but is most common from July to October and March. It is possible that the Levante will increase to 8-9 points, in particular in the Strait of Gibraltar itself. Local legend says that if the Levante blows in the open sea with a force of 5-6 points, then at Tarifa, in the narrow part of the strait, one can expect an increase of up to 8 points on the Beaufort scale.

Lebantades: Gale force winds from NE are among the most unpleasant on the east coast of Spain. Levantade is a more intense form of Levante, as Levante blows in the fall and spring. Levantade is most correctly associated with the cold sector of slow-moving cyclones crossing the Mediterranean Sea in winter.

Vendaval or vendavales: Vendaval - fresh (up to 7-8 points and above) wind from SW, blowing in Gibraltar and the Alboran Sea, usually in winter period. Vendaval is associated with the passage of cyclones over Spain, and is usually punctuated by thunderstorms and squalls as cold and occluded fronts pass through.

Yebeche (lleveche): Burning dry wind from the southern sector blowing from the African coast to the coast of Spain in the Costa del Sol and Costa Blanca area. The wind can carry dust and sand and usually moves ahead of an approaching cyclone. Scirocco: Wind blowing in Italy and the Adriatic. Just like yebeche - a south wind that brings warm air from the African coast to Europe. Usually signals the approach of a cyclone; in the Adriatic it can reach storm force, sometimes accompanied by heavy precipitation. To completely confuse sailors sirocco And damn in Libya they call died (ghibli).

Gulf of Lyon and Central Mediterranean Sea

Mistral: Strong or gale winds in the Gulf of Lyon, Corsican and Balearic Seas, blowing from the Rhone Valley. The wind is associated with the movement of a dry, cold mass of air in a valley between two mountain ranges and usually brings clear weather and a sharp drop in temperature in the south of France. The mistral usually reaches gale force in winter. Distinctive feature mistral is the ability to disperse a very high and dangerous wave in a very a short time. About Mistral - a separate article in our course

Gregale: Strong north-easterly wind, typical of Malta and Ionian Sea. Usually the gregale comes in winter, and can blow unabated for several days. The wind brings cold and dry air, sometimes accompanied by the formation of thunderclouds with hail. According to legend, gregale caused the shipwreck of the Apostle Peter in Malta, which was the reason for the baptism of the island.

Marin: Warm southeast wind in the Gulf of Lyon, blowing from a southeast direction. The wind is associated with the passage of cyclones from the west or southwest through the Gulf of Lyon, after they cross northern Spain or southern France. Like most southerly winds in the Mediterranean, marin associated with rainy and cloudy weather. Garbi: Warm southwest wind in Catalonia, of the same nature as marin- we're not entirely sure, but it might just be different names the same weather phenomenon (such as damn And sirocco)

Tramontana: Local name for the northeast or north wind on the western coast of Italy and northern Corsica. This is a fresh wind that occasionally reaches gale force, bringing clear weather. Tramontana is associated with the formation of an almost stationary, very slowly moving cyclone over the Adriatic and the simultaneous establishment of an anticyclone over France and the Gulf of Lyon. By the same name - tramontan or tramuntan called the wind blowing on the Costa Brava and in Languedoc, similar in formation to the mistral, but formed as a result of the movement of cold air masses between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central in France

Ionian Sea, Adriatic and Aegean Sea

Bora/borax (bora): The famous bora or borax, as well as mistral, deserves special attention and a separate article. Bora is somewhat similar for the reasons of its formation to the Mistral - it is a strong katabatic wind that begins to blow when special conditions arise, when cold air accumulates behind a mountain range on a plateau (in the Adriatic - behind the Dinaric Alps, in Russia - behind the Caucasus Range) which, rolling down a mountain slope, can reach hurricane force (in Novorossiysk and Croatia, gusts of more than 100 knots were recorded during bora).

Jugo: South - wind from the SW, usually of medium strength, but capable of reaching gale force on the Adriatic. As a rule, the south signals the approach of a cyclone, with its center south of the Alps. A deep pressure low in this area and a high pressure area over the Balkans can create a powerful pressure drop, and the south will then blow with gale force, despite the fact that the cyclone itself does not pass through the Adriatic. Signs of the south - a gradually increasing wind from the south-west direction, raising a gentle but gradually increasing swell from the sea. The south's gale force typically occurs between October and April and brings wet and foggy weather. Special attention It should be noted that during the south, the water level at the highest point of tide in many Adriatic harbors rises significantly: in exceptional cases, embankments can be flooded and pontoons can be torn off their fastenings.

Maistro/maestral: On the Ionian Sea and Adriatic - the north-westerly summer wind blows when a cyclone passes over the Balkan Peninsula. This is a fresh wind associated with the cold sector of the weather system, bringing clear weather and light clouds.

Meltemi/Etesian(meltemi): In summer, northerly winds prevail in the Aegean Sea, caused by a stationary deep baric minimum in the north-west of the Indian Peninsula and an anticyclone over Europe. Meltemi (or Etesian - in Greek) blows in the sector from NE to N, depending on local conditions and the contours of the coast. Meltemi is associated with clear and dry weather; it blows with particular force at the end of the wind, often interrupting not only the movement of yachts, but also large ships and ferries in the Aegean Sea. This is important weather phenomenon, and we will talk about it separately.

(The article is compiled based on the material from the lesson “Local Winds”, an online school of the Sailing Expeditions Club. (c) 2012 F. Druzhinin, reprinting in any form without permission is prohibited)

Basic definitions

Bora

- a strong and gusty wind directed down the mountain slope and creating a significant cooling in winter. It is caused by the passage of a cold air mass over a low mountain range towards the warm sea. Rolling down the ridge at high speed (>40 m/sec), the air does not have time to heat up adiabatically and sharply lowers the temperature over the coastal part of the sea (sometimes down to -20ºС). The splashes of water from a stormy sea freeze and cover the shore and ships in a thick layer. In the open sea, bora quickly fades. Winds like the Novorossiysk bora are also observed in other places under other local names: sarma (Lake Baikal), mountain bora (Novaya Zemlya), mistral (Provence, France), norther (Texas), etc.

Breeze

– winds near the coastline of seas and lakes that have a sharp daily change in direction. During the day, the sea breeze blows several hundred meters towards the shore, and at night - from the shore to the sea at a speed of 3-5 m/sec. Breezes are associated with the daily variation of air temperature on land and over the adjacent sea basin. As a result of uneven heating or cooling of land and water, a convection heat engine arises. During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea, and the air above it expands and rises. Isobaric surfaces rise and air flows over the top towards the sea. Over the sea, on the contrary, the air is denser at the surface and, therefore, has greater pressure. And below the air flows towards the pressure gradient, towards land. This is the sea breeze. At night, the picture is reversed.

Wind

– movement of air in the horizontal direction in the lower layers of the troposphere, characterized by speed, strength and direction.

Mountain-valley winds

– are associated with temperature contrasts on mountain slopes and in mountain valleys. At night, when the mountain tops cool most quickly, a breeze-like circulation system is established. Colder and denser air flows down the slopes, albeit with higher speed than in breezes, about 10 m/sec. These mountain winds can be even stronger if the mountains are covered with snow or ice, or if the wind blows in narrow glacial valleys or fjords, such as in Greenland. During the day, when it warms up, a different picture is observed: the wind blows up the valley, since the air in the valley heats up more than in the neighboring flat areas.

Gradient wind -

uniform movement of air without friction along curvilinear trajectories along isobars; at baric minimum - counterclockwise, at baric maximum - clockwise.

Monsoon winds

- winds associated with monsoon circulation, air currents that change direction twice a year: in winter the wind blows from land to sea, in summer - vice versa. Caused by differences in heating of land and ocean.

Direction of the wind

– the direction of wind movement is determined by the position of the point on the horizon from where the wind blows. There are 8 main directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) and 8 intermediate ones.

Trade winds

– steady winds of moderate speed blowing from subtropical latitudes (30°) to the equator. Trade winds also call the movement of air masses, in general, in the same direction.

Wind power

– pressure exerted by moving air on objects (kg/m2). The strength of the wind is proportional to the square of its speed (P = 0.25 V 2).

Wind speed

– numerical expression of the speed of air movement. Measured in m/sec., km/h, in knots (nautical miles per hour). There are instantaneous (at the moment), smoothed (over a short period of time), average (over a relatively long segment time: day, month, year).

Föhn- a non-periodic wind that occurs under the influence of mountains on air currents. This is a warm and dry and gusty wind from the mountains. Occurs when air flows over the crest of the ridge. As air descends along the leeward slope, its temperature increases and humidity decreases. Causes intense snow melting and soil drying. Foehn-related winds: Chinook - Rocky Mountains, Puelche – Chilean Andes, probe - in the Argentine Cordillera, lumps - in Sumatra, died - in Libya, Chile - in Tunisia, Sarat

– in Morocco, etc.

Local winds

Adriatic bora

- a cold winter wind passing through the Dinaric Mountains. One of the most characteristic representatives of this type of wind, along with the Novorossiysk and Novaya Zemlya forests.

Ae

– dry, scorching trade wind on the Hawaiian Islands.

Antillean hurricanes

– tropical cyclones observed in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Afghan (Awgon Chamoli)

– local southwest wind, very dusty, blowing in the area of ​​the upper reaches of the Amu Darya.

Bad-i-sad-au-bistrose, wind 120 days

– strong wind flow from the Parapamiz pass, common from May to September.

Baku Nord

– local northern wind such as bora on the Absheron Peninsula, associated with intrusions of cold air.

Biza

- north or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland, similar to the mistral, cold and dry. Observed during invasions of cold air masses.

Blizzard

– a blizzard with a strong northwest wind and low temperature, in the rear of a cyclone (in North America, England and polar countries, including Antarctica).

Buran

– a blizzard with strong winds and low temperatures.

Storm

– very strong wind with a speed of 20 m/sec and above, accompanied by significant disturbances at sea and destruction on land. B. is usually associated with the passage of intense cyclones.

Garmsil

– a dry hot wind in the foothills of the Kopetdag and western Tien Shan, blowing in the summer from the south and east. Has the character of a hairdryer.

Doctor

– a pleasant refreshing daytime breeze with this name is observed on the coasts of Jamaica, Western India, South Africa. In southwest Australia it is called: Albany Doctor, Perth Doctor, Esperance Doctor, Eucla Doctor, Fremantle Doctor.

Glacial Wind

(katabatic wind) is a wind blowing over a glacier downstream, from the cooler upper part to warmer areas (in mountain valleys, above the sea). Caused by air cooling by the ice surface. Most typical for Greenland and Antarctica. In Antarctica, glacial (katabatic) winds reach speeds of 40-60 m/sec or more. Maximum speed This wind is 300-305 km/h.

Mistral

– a strong and cold northwest wind on the Mediterranean coast of France in the Rhone Valley. Similar to bora.

Novaya Zemlya Bora

- a cold wind passing through the mountains of Novaya Zemlya from the Kara Sea to the Barents Sea.

Pampero

– cold gale wind from the south in Argentina and Uruguay, sometimes with rain and thunderstorms. Associated with the passage of cold fronts and incursions of Antarctic air.

Saikan

– a hurricane westerly wind in the Alakol basin and on Lake Alakol in eastern Kazakhstan, blowing from the Saikan gorge in the Dzungarian Alatau.

Ate myself

– dry wind opposite direction in the Kura valley, in summer.

Simoom

- the local name for the dry hot wind in the deserts of Arabia and North Africa. S. is a squall with a sandstorm, often with a thunderstorm.

Sarma

– a strong bora-type wind blowing from the Primorsky Ridge to the surface of the lake. Baikal near the mouth of the river. Sarma at speeds up to 40 m/sec. Maximum frequency in October-December.

Sirocco

– a strong warm wind of the southern and southeastern direction in the front part of the cyclone in the Mediterranean basin. In the Apennine and western parts of the Balkan Peninsula. The air in the north is usually humid; on the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia it is dry and contains sandy dust.

Tornado

– a strong atmospheric vortex with a vertical axis several tens of meters long. Originates under a cumulonimbus cloud and moves with it; exists from several minutes to several tens of minutes. Wind speeds in the north can reach 50-100 m/sec with a strong upward component. Usually cause significant damage.

Sukhovey

– wind at high temperatures and low relative humidity in the steppes and semi-deserts of Eurasia, harmful or destructive for field crops. With S., evaporation increases, which, if there is a lack of moisture in the soil, leads to withering and death of plants.

Typhoon

- the name of tropical cyclones of storm and hurricane force on Far East. T. arise mainly in summer and autumn in the ocean to the east and west of the Philippine Islands and in their further development can reach the coasts of China, Japan, Korea, and Russia.

Tehuantepequero

– strong winter (usually from November to March) bora-type wind on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It blows across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec towards the Gulf of the same name when continental air from temperate latitudes invades the Gulf of Mexico.

Tornado

- name of blood clots. They are especially common in the southeastern United States, where several hundred T. are observed annually.

Tramontane

– a strong and dry wind, similar in type to the foehn in the Mediterranean, accompanied by good weather. Three more types of winds have a similar name.

Tramontana (1)

-Bora-type wind (from the Alps to the Padan lowland), sometimes takes on the characteristics of a foehn.

Tramontana (2)

– a cold bora-type wind in Northern and Central Italy, the direction is mainly northeast. Accompanied by clear weather, typical in winter.

Tramontana (3)

- a cold and stormy gusty wind from the Pyrenees to the Balearic Sea, accompanied by clear and dry weather.

Thrombus

- a strong whirlwind (tornado) over land with a diameter of several tens of meters, arising under a thundercloud. Wind speeds there reach 50-100 m/sec, and the strip of destruction is hundreds of meters wide. Occurs in hot weather with sharply unstable stratification of the atmosphere. In the USA it is called a tornado.

Hurricane

– wind of destructive force and considerable duration, with a speed of 30 m/sec or more.

Haboob

– strong sandy or dust storm in Sudan. Most often, H. occurs from May to October.

Khamsin

– dry, hot, dusty south wind in northeast Africa, especially frequent in spring, when cyclones pass over the Mediterranean Sea or northern Sahara. In Arabic, H. is 50, since the wind blows for approximately 50 days.

Harmattan, harmattan

- a dry, hot, dusty northeast wind that blows in winter in West Africa, in the area of ​​the Cape Verde Islands and the Gulf of Guinea. In essence, X. is a winter monsoon.

Chinook

(“snow eater”) is the local name for the southwest foehn on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the United States. The same name has the moist wind from the ocean in the Western Cordillera, bringing cloudy rainy weather, warm in winter and cool in summer

Squalls

– sharp gusty wind increases. There are intramass, in the leading part of cumulonimbus clouds, and frontal, formed during the passage of a cold front.

Ethesia– moderate to strong northerly or northwesterly winds over the northern Mediterranean towards Africa. Observed from mid-May to mid-October. They can blow continuously for up to 40 days. They arise when a spur of the Azores anticyclone appears over Southern Europe, and a zone forms over heated Western Asia low blood pressure. E. bring haze and fog to the northern shores of Africa. Sometimes it covers territories from the Pyrenees to Syria and the Bosphorus. During the period of night weakening it is called "sleeping wind".
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Afghan- dry, baking local wind, with dust, which blows in Central Asia. It blows from several days to several weeks. Early spring with showers. Very aggressive. Barguzin- the mighty Baikal wind blows in the central part of the lake from Barguzin Valley across and along Lake Baikal. This wind blows evenly, with gradually increasing power. Usually precedes stable sunny weather. Bizet- cold and dry north or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland. Bora- a strong gusty cold wind blowing on the coast of seas or large lakes from mountain ranges separating the very cool and warmer surface at their feet. at a speed (up to 40-60 m/s) it rolls down from the mountain ranges to the not yet frozen sea or lake. A squally wind brings severe cold, and the bora lasts from several days to a week. The shore of the Adriatic Sea, near Novorossiysk (northeast wind), on the western slope of the Urals. Breeze- local wind of low speed, changing direction twice a day. It occurs on the shores of seas, lakes, and sometimes large rivers. Therefore, the daytime breeze blows from the water area to the heated coast. Night (shore) - from the cooled coast to warm water. Mountain-valley winds are formed in mountainous areas and change their direction twice a day. The air is heated differently over the crests of mountain ranges, slopes and valley floors. During the day, the wind blows up the valley and slopes, and at night, on the contrary, from the mountains into the valley and down towards the plain. Speed ​​10 m/s. Zephyr- the wind that prevails in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, starting in spring. Here it, although warm, often brings with it rain and even storms, while in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea Zephyr is almost always light. Mistral- On the Mediterranean coast of France there is a cold northwest wind, forming like the Novorossiysk bora. Simoom- sultry dry wind in the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Samum occurs when the earth and air are strongly heated in cyclones and mainly during western and southwestern winds. The air temperature can rise to +50°C, and the relative humidity approaches 0%. The squall lasts from 20 minutes to 2-3 hours, sometimes with thunderstorms. On Lake Baikal, the boron has a local name - sarma. This wind is formed when cold arctic air passes over the coastal mountain ranges. Sirocco- a hot, dry, dusty south and southeast wind from the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, occurring in the front part of the cyclone. Over the Mediterranean Sea, sirocco is slightly enriched with moisture, but still dries out the landscapes of the coastal regions of France, the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas. Most often it blows in the spring for 2-3 days in a row, raising the temperature to 35°C. Crossing the mountains, on their leeward slopes it acquires the character of a foehn. Sukhovey- wind with high temperature and low relative humidity in steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, forms along the edges of anticyclones and continues for several days, increasing evaporation, drying out the soil and plants. Dry winds are characteristic of the steppe regions of Russia and Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Caspian region. Föhn- a dry, warm, strong wind, blowing gustyly from high mountains to valleys. Föhn is well expressed in the Alps, the Caucasus, and the mountains of Central Asia. Khamsin- dry, swelteringly hot wind from the south in northeast Africa and the Middle East. The temperature is 40°C, sometimes it blows 50 days a year, usually in March-May. Occurs in the leading parts of cyclones moving from the deserts of North Africa. Chinook- southwestern foehn on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the USA, as well as on the adjacent prairie areas. Accompanied by a very rapid, sharp increase in air temperature Chinook is also called a humid southwest wind with Pacific Ocean to the west coast of the USA. The reason for their formation may be different temperature conditions on the shores of lakes or rivers, in mountains and valleys. Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties. The occurrence of local winds is associated mainly with the difference in temperature conditions over large bodies of water (breezes) or mountains, their extension relative to general circulation flows and the location of mountain valleys (fen, bora, mountain-valley), as well as with changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere by local conditions (the very , sirocco, khamsin). Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are classified as local winds and given their own names.