We are starting a journey through our country. Our route is from north to south along natural areas Russia. Our scientific expedition goes beyond the Arctic Circle, to the zone arctic deserts. - - Somewhere in this world, Where there is always frost, Bears rub their backs on the earth's axis. Centuries float by, Sleeping under the ice of the sea. Bears rub against the axis - the Earth rotates. We are going with you to where the kingdom of cold, snow and ice is!

Arctic (from the Greek arktikos - northern), the northern polar region of the Earth, including the outskirts of the continents of Eurasia and North America, almost the entire Arctic Ocean with islands, as well as adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There is an ice zone on the Arctic islands.

Few living creatures have adapted to life in the difficult conditions of the ice zone. Lichens, similar to scum, are found on the rocks of the islands. But suddenly a green ice floe comes across. Where is she here from? It turns out that there are tiny plants that can live on snow and ice. They are called SNOW ALGAE.

Saxifragasaxifrage Polar poppy Here and there you can find Saxifraga and POLAR POPPIES. To get more heat, their leaves are pressed to the ground. The leaves of saxifrage are small, while those of polar poppies are cut into slices. This allows plants to evaporate little water.

Puffin Arctic Tern The rocky shores are almost entirely covered with razorbills, puffins, Arctic terns, gulls, and guillemots. Their excited voices can be heard from a great distance. Many birds do not build nests, but lay their eggs directly on bare rocks. Sheer cliffs are a reliable refuge from predatory animals. Birds feed mainly on fish. Loon Sea gull

The most impressive are the bird markets. Bird colonies are noisy gatherings of thousands of seabirds on steep rocky shores. From afar you can hear the incessant, multi-voiced hubbub of its inhabitants. And up close a striking sight opens up: countless large birds. In our country, bird colonies can be seen on the western coast of Novaya Zemlya and in other areas of the Barents Sea, as well as in the north of the Pacific coast. They don't exist all year round, but only the short northern summer, while the birds incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. Guillemot nesting

Polar owl White partridge With the onset of winter, all birds fly away to warmer climes. Only ptarmigan and snowy owls remain in the Arctic. Partridges feed on the buds of bushes, and snowy owls hunt partridges. Birds are protected from the cold by a subcutaneous layer of fat and thick plumage.

Walrus Seal Among the ice of the Arctic Ocean there are seals and walruses. Most They spend time in water, so they are well adapted for swimming and diving. They forage in the water, and rest and raise their young on land or on ice floes. A thick layer prevents walruses and seals from freezing subcutaneous fat. Seals feed mainly on fish. And the walrus also eats mollusks from shells, since it has strong lips that allow it to suck them up.

Harp seal This is the most numerous species of the seal family that lives in Arctic waters. This is an eternal traveler, constantly migrating across the vast expanses of the Arctic Ocean. It feeds mainly on fish. The animal's skin has an original and unique color that no one else has. The cub's fur becomes pure white.

WALRULS The walrus is a unique animal of the Arctic. The animal’s habitat is extensive and covers almost most of the coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean. Walrus rookeries can be found on Novaya Zemlya and in the Kara Sea. Large concentrations of walruses are observed in the Bering Strait area and in the Chukchi Sea

The walrus is a very large animal. The length can reach 5 meters, and the weight can reach one and a half tons. The average length of a male is 3.5 meters, weight fluctuates within a ton. All adult walruses have tusks protruding from their mouths. Their length reaches cm, and each weighs at least 3 kg. Walruses find food on the seabed using special sensitive whiskers (vibrissae). Preference is undoubtedly given to mollusks. A female walrus gives birth to one calf. The newborn weighs 30 kg, its body length is 80 cm. The baby feeds on mother's milk for more than a year. Only in the second year of life, when its fangs reach a more or less acceptable length, does the cub begin to independently obtain food for itself. The cub remains near the mother until the age of two.

Narwhal Narwhals are one of the most interesting animals in the Arctic. The narwhal is a fairly large animal. It reaches 5 meters in length. Weight is one and a half tons. These spotted whales are known for their long horn or tusk, which protrudes straight from their mouth and reaches a length of 3 meters. The tusk consists of bone tissue, but along with its hardness, it is extremely flexible. It is one of the two upper teeth that has pierced the upper lip and come out. This tusk weighs 10 kg. Narwhals feed mainly on mollusks, fish and crustaceans.

Beluga Beluga is a large sea animal known as the polar dolphin. The body length is 6 meters, the weight of some individuals reaches 2 tons. The polar dolphin also has well-developed facial muscles. She can change her expression, displaying either joy, sadness, complete indifference or contempt. The beluga whale prefers to live in a flock. The polar dolphin feeds on cod, capelin, and flounder. Loves navaga and cod. Enjoying eating herring and salmon fish, it does not disdain crustaceans and mollusks. It does not grab prey with its mouth, but sucks it in along with the flow of water.

Northern whale Humpback whale In the vastness of the ocean live huge sea animals - WHALES, which feed on small crustaceans. One of the species is the bowhead or northern whale. It reaches a length of meters. Like many other whales, in its mouth instead of teeth it has special plates called “baleen”. They serve to obtain food.

Polar bears Polar bears roam the icy expanses in search of food. The polar bear is a predator. It is remarkably adapted to Arctic conditions. Thick long hair, wide paws, white fur... Male polar bears roam among the ice all year round. And females, future mothers, lie down in snow dens for the winter. Here they give birth to tiny cubs in the dead of winter. In the den, frosts and winds are not scary for the cubs. The mother feeds her milk and warms her. When the cubs grow up and leave the den with their mother, the mother bear will teach them to catch fish, and then seals.

One of the rare animals of the Arctic is the Arctic fox. The color of the Arctic fox can be either black, bluish-gray or light gray. True, for the most part, arctic foxes are entirely white, only at the tip of the tail there are black hairs. Arctic foxes have adapted perfectly to harsh conditions Arctic. In the summer they feed on small rodents, and in the winter they pick up leftovers from the polar bear's lunch. They get the sea fish thrown out by the waves, sea ​​urchins, dead seal cubs. Seabird colonies are a source of eggs and chicks.

Arctic reserve. Located on Wrangel Island, it was organized in 1976. The island is home to the largest ungulate animal in the Arctic - the musk ox, or musk ox, brought to the reserve from America. This animal lived in the territory of our country in the distant past, but then disappeared. It survives in North America. And now scientists have again decided to settle him on Wrangel Island. The musk ox is similar to bulls, but is closer to mountain sheep. Very thick and long hair. The horns are very thick, curved at the base. Both females and males have horns. It feeds on lichens, mosses and herbaceous vegetation. MUSKOX

Summing up The Arctic - the kingdom of ice and snow Geographical position Arctic Ocean northern seas islands Illumination polar day and polar night northern lights Flora lichens and mosses polar poppy saxifrage Animal world crustaceans and fish auks, puffins, ptarmigan, snowy owl, guillemots, polar bears, seals, walruses, narwhals, beluga whales

“Desert Test” - Sandy, rocky. Sandy. There is little precipitation. Low-growing, with creeping roots and small leaves. Desert animals: Kolosnyak, saxaul, juzgun. a huge territory in the central part of Russia. Cacti. Tall, broad-leaved or coniferous, with powerful roots. Barguzinsky. Environmental problems deserts are:

“Ice deserts” - Separately, ice (cold) deserts are distinguished (in Antarctica and the Arctic). Ice deserts of the Arctic and Antarctic. There are sandy, rocky, clayey, and saline deserts. On some islands you can see puffins. Saxifrage. On the rocks and ice floes you can see seals, polar bears, and walruses.

“Deserts” - 6. Desert ship: 7. There are rodents in the desert: The world around us - 2nd class. 2. The fastest-footed animal: 5. The following can survive without moisture: A) foot-and-mouth disease; b) sand boa; c) midday gerbil; d) lizard – round-headed. A) corsac; b) slow; c) saiga. A) monitor lizard; b) sand boa; c) lizard - round-headed.

“Desert” - Plants do not form a continuous cover. Large venomous snake, protected by law. Gray monitor lizard. Saxaul is one of the few trees growing in the desert. Desert forests are nothing like shady broadleaf forests. Oasis. Saxaul is able to tolerate extremely severe drought. An antelope can run 50 - 60 km to a watering hole.

“Icy Arctic” - Polar day. Animals of the reserve. We and the world. The nature of the Arctic is in danger. The Arctic and man. Ice zone (Arctic). Ice zone on the map of Russia. Features of natural conditions. Polar bear. Animals of the Arctic. Polar night. Reserve "Wrangel Island". White goose. Plants of the Arctic. Northern lights.

“Desert 4th grade” - What is it like in the desert? Who can you meet in the desert? What plants grow in the desert? Topic: Desert life. The surface of the earth heats up to +70 degrees during the day, and above 40 degrees in the shade. All animals have adapted to life in the desert. What are the differences between desert animals? Life wakes up at night when it is not so hot.

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Vegetable and animal world arctic desert zones teacher-defectologist GBOU “School No. 854” Maria Vladimirovna Kudrinskaya Goal: developing an idea of ​​the flora and fauna of the arctic desert zone, the relationship between plant and animal life and climatic conditions. Goal: to form an idea of ​​the flora and fauna of the Arctic desert zone, of the relationship between plant and animal life and climatic conditions.

• Tasks
• Educational:

• consolidate ideas about the climate of the Arctic desert zone and the dependence of flora and fauna on climate.
• Corrective:
development of visual and auditory perception (based on the lesson material)
• development of thinking (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and attention (based on lesson material)

• arctic desert zones
• Content:
• Organization of the beginning of the lesson
• Updating of reference knowledge
• Message and recording of the lesson topic
• Learning new material:
• Vegetable world
• Animal world
• Birds
• Protection of Nature

Summing up the lesson

Show seas and islands on the map

Barencevo sea

Arctic Ocean

Chukchi Sea

East-Siberian Sea

Sea

Laptev

Karskoe

sea

White Sea

Wrangel Island

Franz Josef Land

Severnaya Zemlya

New Earth

Solve the test. Make a word from the letters - the correct answers

: Arctic fauna:

Arctic fauna: Look at the pictures.

Why does a walrus need tusks?

• Arctic fauna: Polar bear
• Watch the film and answer the questions:
• Where are seals safe?
• What does a baby seal look like?

How is a bear adapted to life in

Who are you hearing?

Who disappeared?

Arctic fauna dead end

bird markets

Adaptation to life in the Arctic White coloration

Thick layer of subcutaneous fat

Thick animal fur Dense plumage of birds Nature conservation of the Arctic Wrangel Island Insert the appropriate words into the text: All inhabitants of the Arctic deserts have adapted to harsh climatic conditions. They have (Which?) ___________________________ fur or (which?) very ______________________ plumage, which allows you to preserve (which?)(What?) ________________. Saves marine animals from freezing ___________________________. Most birds and animals have(which one?)

____________color. She helps them to be

(which ones?)

______________________ on snow and ice.

thick, long

• invisible ___ thick layer of fat ______________
• Look at the picture and write down the answers to the questions:
How many birds are there in the picture?

Write down the names of these birds

How many sea animals are there in the picture? _______ Write down the names of these animals ________ walrus, seal Summing up: 1. Why are the flora and fauna poor in the Arctic deserts? 2. What plants grow in the Arctic? 3. What animals live in the Arctic deserts? 4. How did animals adapt to life in harsh conditions? 5. What are bird colonies? List of sources used a) Borozdina T.A.: Geography lessons in the 7th grade special (correctional) educational institutions VIII species. M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2014. b) Lifanova, Podvalnaya: Geography lessons in special. (correction) school: a manual for teachers special. (correction) institution VIII species. - M., "Enlightenment", 2013. c) T.M. Lifanova "Physical Geography of Russia", Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2008. (7th grade) d) T.M. Lifanova "Workbook on the geography of Russia", Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2000 (grade 7) e) image of a lichen e) image of a lichen http://nature-plants.com/lesnyie-rasteniya/lishayniki.html e) photographs of mosses in the Arctic http://imgload.ru/foto-mhov-v-arktike g) photographs of beluga whales http://arcticexpedition.ru/index.php?tourname=place-power10046&photogallery=1&direction=PolalExpedition&powerplace=place-power174 m) image of a polar bear http://ultima-thule-w.livejournal.com o) image of eider http://odeialo.ru/odeialo_s_puhom_gagi/ n) image of a dead end http://www.photosight.ru/photos/3324170/ p) image of a walrus rookery http://www.photoforum.ru/photo/376282/index.ru.html

Slide 2

Polar bear

Among predatory animals, the polar bear is considered the largest, weighing from 800 to 1000 kg. For the existence of a polar bear, three conditions are necessary: ​​ice, open sea areas and a coastal strip. The sea brings him food; The coastal strip is needed for making dens.

Slide 3

Under normal conditions, polar bears travel on drifting ice floes. Polar bears are attracted to open water and openings on ice fields, i.e., places where seals, which constitute their main food, are more often found. The sea is a native element for polar bears.

Slide 4

The polar bear is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic and a semi-aquatic lifestyle. His short ears are pubescent and buried in fur, which reduces heat transfer. Its slender body, elongated neck and small elongated head give its body a streamlined shape, making swimming and diving easier.

Slide 5

A thick layer of subcutaneous fat and a long coat of dense hair protect the body from cooling, which allows the bear to stay in the water for a long time. Wide paws form a significant paddling surface, so the bear swims well, picking up speeds of up to 5-6 km per hour. Sometimes it swims into the open sea at a distance of over 150 km from the coast or the ice edge. Having dived, it can stay under water for about two minutes. The bear's fur gets wet slightly, as it has a thick undercoat.

Slide 6

killer whale

Killer whales live in flocks. Research has shown that no other large animal has such strong bonds as the killer whale family. There are several generations in the herd at once, and it seems that the killer whales are not looking for a mate outside the community. There are no known cases of aggression within the herd.

Slide 7

All killer whales are divided into 3 genera - large, black and feresa. The most bloodthirsty is the big killer whale. All the feathered and warm-blooded inhabitants of the sea flee from her in panic. Indeed, a storm of the seas. Killer whales are colored quite elegantly: black with a white belly, throat and spots under the eyes. The black killer whale or, as it is also called, the false killer whale, looks like a large killer whale, only without any white spots. Reaches up to 6 m in length and up to 1.5 tons of weight. It lives in temperate waters and does not swim into cold waters. Fereza is a dwarf dark gray killer whale, its length is only 2 meters. It feeds mainly on small fish and is very rare.

Slide 8

Killer whales rely on hearing much more than sight and smell. The sounds they make are high-frequency impulses. A person perceives them as separate clicks. For killer whales, echolocation is a means of communicating with each other and a way of obtaining food. Killer whales feed on squid, fish (including sharks), dolphins, seals, and penguins.

Slide 9

Having noticed a prey in the water, the killer whales rush after it in a group, from time to time taking off above the water. At first they walk slowly, it even seems that they will not be able to catch up. But then they accelerate to 30 kilometers per hour.

Slide 10

Muskox

The musk ox or musk ox, as modern research has shown, is closer to rams than to bulls, as previously thought. This is a rather large, densely built animal: body length 180-245 cm, height - 110-145 cm, weight - 200-300 kg. Females are about one-quarter smaller than males. .

Slide 11

The head is large, the muzzle is wide. The horns at the base are flattened, widened and cover the forehead of males, then they bend down near the head, and their ends are curved forward and upward. The coat is thick and unusually long, it consists of 60-80% downy hair. The long spine on the chest and sides reaches 60-90 cm; covering the entire body of the animal, it hangs almost to the ground. Summer outfit is dark brown, winter outfit is almost black. In the relatively recent past, the musk ox was widespread in the Arctic.

Slide 12

Arctic tern

The Arctic tern is a long-distance migrant carrying out long-haul flights from the Arctic (breeding grounds) to the Antarctic where they spend the winter. This is probably the longest flight undertaken by any bird and means that Arctic terns see more sunlight each year than any other animal as they experience a 'second summer' as they travel to the south in winter.

Slide 13

They are very similar in appearance to the common tern (Sternum chirando), but to distinguish unidentified terns from known ones, ornithologists have come up with dual names for the terns. Arctic terns are slightly smaller in size than common terns and have a shorter beak and a longer tail. The rump is white, the underparts are darker, and the wing lacks the dark wedge on the outer edge that is a key identification feature of common terns. During the summer, the bill becomes bright red and the black tip fades, unlike other terns. Long tail headings also develop in summer.

Slide 14

White hare

The body length of the largest hares reaches 70 cm, and weight - 5.5 kg. Their longer hind legs allow them to make large jumps and escape from pursuit, and their wide feet create a strong support when pushing off the surface, without falling into the snow. In addition, by winter, the paws of hares become overgrown with long hair, forming a kind of skis that protect their feet from getting stuck in loose snow.

Slide 15

In summer, snowshoe hares are brown with a rufous tint and blackish ripples. In winter, they become invisible due to the change from brown fur to white. Only the tips of the ears remain black, but this does not give away the hares, since they stay near snow-covered bushes, the dark branches of which mask the hare’s ears with their protruding ends.

Slide 16

Arctic fox

Arctic foxes are commercial fur-bearing animals, which are sometimes called polar foxes. They are slightly smaller in size than real foxes. The white arctic fox becomes pure white only in winter, and by summer, cross-shaped dark stripes appear on its back and shoulder blades, for which it received its name

Slide 17

In arctic foxes, the soles of their paws are completely covered with a brush of coarse hair, not excluding the toes and heels. This is a protective device against freezing paws when moving on dense snow and ice. The rounded short ears are almost hidden in the fur, which also protects them from cooling during severe frosts.

Slide 18

In summer, arctic foxes feed mainly on lemmings and voles, and also eat eggs, chicks and even adult birds, in particular ptarmigan, molting bean geese, etc. Along the sea coasts, arctic foxes feast on cod washed up by the waves, mollusks, crabs, and sea urchins. The commercial importance of arctic foxes is quite significant: they occupy one of the first places in fur harvesting.

Slide 19

Seal

Seals are well adapted to the aquatic lifestyle and carry low temperatures. Their spindle-shaped body has streamlined contours without protrusions, since the head, devoid of auricles, is completely smooth, and the short neck between it and the body does not have a sharp interception. The limbs of seals with membranes between the fingers have turned into flippers and are used for swimming.

Slide 20

Seals spend most of their time in the water, move quickly in it and dive deftly. Moreover, their front flippers act like oars, and their rear ones act like a rudder. During diving, the ear openings and nostrils close tightly, preventing water from penetrating into the organs of hearing and smell, which are very well developed in seals. In water, seals are able to produce inaudible sounds (ultrasounds), with the help of which they detect prey. These sounds are reflected like an echo from the surface of the fish’s body and are caught by seals. Although their vision is weak, their eyes are adapted to distinguishing prey underwater in low light brightness. This is facilitated by the large size of the eyeball with a strongly dilating pupil. Tufts located on the upper lip long hair(vibrissae) serve as organs of touch.

Slide 21

The seal's fur, consisting of short, hard and sparse hair, has no undercoat and cannot protect the body from cooling. This function is performed by a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, which also reduces the specific weight of the body and facilitates swimming. Seals feed on a variety of aquatic organisms: Some eat mollusks and crustaceans, others prefer fish. Being carnivores, seals are similar in tooth structure to carnivorous mammals. Outside the water, seals become clumsy: on the surface of land or ice they can only crawl with the help of their front flippers, while their back ones drag, not taking part in movement.

Slide 22

Walrus

Walruses are among the large pinniped mammals. They are distributed throughout the shallow seas of the Arctic Ocean in a circumpolar manner, but very unevenly. On average, the body length of walruses is 3-4 m, and their weight is about 1.5 tons. The most characteristic feature of these animals are powerful tusks, protruding above the gum by 0.5 m or more. Unlike elephant tusks (overgrown incisors), walrus tusks are fangs (2-4 kg each). In females they are shorter and thinner. The meaning of the tusks remained unclear at first. Some scientists attributed to them the functions of protection from enemies, others saw in them support devices that walruses supposedly use when getting out of the water onto ice floes. It is now known that walruses use their tusks to loosen the surface of the bottom, looking for food - this is their main function.

Slide 23

Walruses are clumsy in appearance, but they are capable of agile movements both in water and on land. Their thick skin (3-5 cm) is covered with sparse, coarse hair of a reddish color. Particularly striking are the coarse, thick, dense vibrissae on the upper lip, arranged in several rows. They are very mobile and serve as organs of touch, with which walruses probe for food at the bottom of the sea (at a depth of 40-50 m), obtaining various mollusks, worms, crustaceans and, much less often, small fish. Like some seals, walruses do not have external ears. The ear openings and nostrils close tightly when the head is immersed in water. Walrus flippers have no hair on the inside of their hands and feet. Moreover, the rear flippers can be tucked under the body and, when moving, help push off the surface of the ice and ground. In water, flippers serve as swimming and diving organs.

Slide 24

Walruses are not afraid of the cold; in ice water they do not freeze, because their body is protected from cooling by a thick layer (5-10 cm) of subcutaneous fat. Walruses can sleep not only on the shore, but also in the sea. During sleep, they do not sink in water, staying on the surface with the help of a subcutaneous air sac connected to the pharynx. Walruses lead a gregarious lifestyle, establishing rookeries on ice floes or on coastal fast ice.

Slide 25

Humpback whale

The humpback whale, or as it is also called the humpback whale, is an aquatic mammal belonging to the family of minke whales and the suborder of baleen whales. There are two versions of the appearance of its name. The first is its hump-like dorsal fin, and the second is its habit of arching its back strongly when diving, which further emphasizes its hump.

Slide 26

The humpback whale differs from other minke whales in its characteristic body shape and coloring, the shape of the dorsal fin, the size of the pectoral fins, large “warts” on the snout and at the ends of the pectoral fins, and the uneven edge of the caudal fin. The longitudinal grooves on the throat and belly are large, numbering from 14 to 22. The humpback whale’s fountain is not a jet - with a spray, sometimes in the shape of the letter V, up to 3 m high. The pectoral fins, which makes it particularly different from other whales, are very long, about 30 percent of body length. They have thickened anterior edges and about 10 large tubercles. But the dorsal fin is quite low - 30-35 cm.

Slide 27

The presentation was prepared by a student of grade 4a of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1 Dik Anastasia

http://ghivotnie.narod.ru/

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Slide 1

In the Arctic. Flora and fauna of the Arctic.

Teacher primary classes Municipal educational institution "Semiluzhenskaya Secondary School" Rodionova M.V. 2007

Slide 2

Lesson Objectives

1. To form a student’s idea of ​​the natural zone of the Arctic deserts. Introduce the peculiarities of the Arctic nature. Show the influence of the natural conditions of the Arctic on the flora and fauna. Introduce animals and plants of the Arctic. Identify signs of adaptation of animals and plants to living conditions.

Slide 3

Lesson topic message

Somewhere in this world, Where there is always frost, Bears rub their backs on the earth's axis. Centuries float by, Sleeping under the ice of the sea. Bears rub against the axis - the Earth rotates. We are going with you to where the kingdom of cold, snow and ice is! We are starting a journey through our country. Our route is from north to south through the natural areas of Russia. Our scientific expedition goes beyond the Arctic Circle, to the Arctic desert zone.

Slide 4

check yourself

What determines the length of the day and air temperature on Earth? Why are living conditions on earth not the same everywhere? How do living conditions on Earth change in the direction from the equator to the North or South Pole?

Slide 5

The Arctic (from the Greek arktikos - northern), the northern polar region of the Earth, including the outskirts of the continents of Eurasia and North America, almost the entire Arctic Ocean with islands, as well as adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. There is an ice zone on the Arctic islands.

Slide 6

The sun in the Arctic never rises high above the horizon. Its rays glide over the surface of the earth, giving it very little heat. That's why here is the kingdom of ice and snow. The climate of this polar region is very diverse. Cold gusty winds walking through the silent snowy expanses. The islands are covered with a thick ice shell. Only in some places on the islands is it not present, but even here the land freezes many meters deep. There is almost no soil formation on the Arctic islands.

Slide 7

But not only the islands are covered with a thick ice shell, but also the Arctic Ocean itself. In 1932, the Northern Sea Route was traversed for the first time. Therefore, caravans of ships regularly move along this important route. They are led by powerful icebreakers.

Slide 8

What a miracle - miracles: The skies caught fire! Oh, it’s burning - the flame is blazing Above the sparkling ice! Who lit the wonderful fire, the golden fire of heaven? There is no one behind the cloud. This is light pouring from the sky.

(northern lights)

In winter there is a polar night in the Arctic. For several months in a row the sun does not appear at all - darkness! The moon is shining in the sky, the stars are twinkling. Sometimes auroras of amazing beauty appear - like a multi-colored, iridescent curtain swaying in the dark sky.

Slide 9

Summer in the Arctic is very short. Polar day is setting in. It is as long as the polar night. The sun doesn't disappear behind the horizon at all. But it occupies a very low position in the sky. The sun's rays fall so obliquely that they only glide across the surface of the Earth. Therefore, they heat it very weakly. Only the shores and coastal parts of the islands are free of snow and ice in summer. The air temperature here at this time rises slightly above zero.

Slide 10

Few living creatures have adapted to life in the difficult conditions of the ice zone. Lichens, similar to scum, are found on the rocks of the islands.

But suddenly a green ice floe comes across. Where is she here from? It turns out that there are tiny plants that can live on snow and ice. They are called SNOW ALGAE.

Slide 12

R A M N E L O M K A Polar poppy

Here and there you can find SAXIFRAGS and POLAR POPPIES. To get more heat, their leaves are pressed to the ground. The leaves of saxifrage are small, while those of polar poppies are cut into slices. This allows plants to evaporate little water.

Slide 13

In summer, many tiny fish appear in the seas of the Arctic Ocean. green algae. Worms and crustaceans feed on them. The accumulation of worms and crustaceans attracts a variety of fish.

Brown algae

Laurencia algae

Spirogyra algae

Slide 14

The most impressive are the bird markets.

Bird colonies are noisy gatherings of thousands of seabirds on steep rocky shores. From afar you can hear the incessant, multi-voiced hubbub of its inhabitants. And up close a striking sight opens up: countless large birds.

In our country, bird colonies can be seen on the western coast of Novaya Zemlya and in other areas of the Barents Sea, as well as in the north of the Pacific coast. They do not exist all year round, but only during the short northern summer, while the birds incubate their eggs and feed their chicks.

Guillemot nesting

Slide 15

Puffin Arctic Tern

The rocky shores are almost entirely covered with razorbills, puffins, arctic terns, gulls, and guillemots. Their excited voices can be heard from a great distance. Many birds do not build nests, but lay their eggs directly on bare rocks. Sheer cliffs are a reliable refuge from predatory animals. Birds feed mainly on fish.

Loon Sea gull

Slide 16

Snowy owl Ptarmigan

With the onset of winter, all birds fly away to warmer regions. Only ptarmigan and snowy owls remain in the Arctic. Partridges feed on the buds of bushes, and snowy owls hunt partridges. Birds are protected from the cold by a subcutaneous layer of fat and thick plumage.

Slide 17

Walrus Striped Seal

harp seal

Among the ice of the Arctic Ocean there are seals and walruses. They spend most of their time in water, so they are well adapted for swimming and diving. They forage in the water, and rest and raise their young on land or on ice floes. Walruses and seals are prevented from freezing by a thick layer of subcutaneous fat. Seals feed mainly on fish. And the walrus also eats mollusks from shells, since it has strong lips that allow it to suck them up.

Look at the picture and explain how a walrus differs from a seal.

Slide 18

White bears

Polar bears roam the icy expanses in search of food. The polar bear is a predator. It is remarkably adapted to Arctic conditions. Thick long hair, wide paws, white fur... What is the significance of all this in the life of a polar bear? Male polar bears roam among the ice all year round. And females, future mothers, lie down in snow dens for the winter. Here they give birth to tiny cubs in the dead of winter. In the den, frosts and winds are not scary for the cubs. The mother feeds her milk and warms her. When the cubs grow up and leave the den with their mother, the mother bear will teach them to catch fish, and then seals.

Slide 19

Northern whale Humpback whale

In the vastness of the ocean live huge sea animals - WHALES, which feed on small crustaceans. One of the species is the bowhead or northern whale. It reaches a length of 15-18 meters. Like many other whales, in its mouth instead of teeth it has special plates called “baleen”. They serve to obtain food.

Slide 20

Arctic reserve. Located on Wrangel Island, it was organized in 1976. The island is home to the largest ungulate animal in the Arctic - the musk ox, or musk ox, brought to the reserve from America. This animal lived in the territory of our country in the distant past, but then disappeared. It survives in North America. And now scientists have again decided to settle him on Wrangel Island.

Having looked at it in the picture, guess why it is called that.

The musk ox is similar to bulls, but is closer to mountain sheep. Very thick and long hair. The horns are very thick, curved at the base. Both females and males have horns. It feeds on lichens, mosses and herbaceous vegetation.

Slide 21

One of the rare animals of the Arctic is the Arctic fox. The color of the Arctic fox can be either black, bluish-gray or light gray. True, for the most part, arctic foxes are entirely white, only at the tip of the tail there are black hairs. Arctic foxes have perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic. In the summer they feed on small rodents, and in the winter they pick up leftovers from the polar bear's lunch. They get sea fish thrown out by the waves, sea urchins, and dead baby seals. Seabird colonies are a source of eggs and chicks.