Agro-climatic, soil and biological resources of Russia, their qualitative assessment and impact on the specialization of the regional economy. Economic geography: what are agro-climatic resources
This type of resource includes such natural components as heat, moisture, light. The productivity of agricultural production and the effectiveness of investments in this sector of the economy depend to a decisive extent on their presence. Agro-climatic resources of Russia create opportunities for diversified development Agriculture in the republic. The vast expanse of Russia, where most of the country's population is concentrated, is located within the cold and temperate zone. However, the southern half of the country's territory, which lies in the subzone of mixed forests and in the forest-steppe zone, covering Central Russia, the south of Western Siberia and the Far East, has sufficient moisture and the sum of daily air temperatures (above +10 °C) is from 1600 to 2200 °C. Such agro-climatic conditions make it possible to grow wheat, rye, oats, flax, hemp, buckwheat, potatoes and vegetables, sugar beets and various fodder crops (corn for fodder, legumes) necessary for animal husbandry.
The northern half of the country, including the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most Siberian and Far Eastern taiga, has sufficient, and in some places excessive moisture. The sum of daily temperatures during the growing season ranges from 1000–1600 °С here, which makes it possible to grow rye, barley, legumes, flax, vegetables that are less demanding on heat (radishes, onions, carrots) and potatoes, herbs.
The least favorable agro-climatic conditions are in the Far North of Russia, where excessive moisture and the sum of daily temperatures during the growing season are less than 1000 °C. Under such conditions, only focal agriculture with the cultivation of low-demanding crops and greenhouse-hothouse farming is possible.
The warmest part of Russia is the steppe regions of the southeast of the Russian Plain and the south of the West Siberian Plain, as well as Ciscaucasia. Here, the sum of daily temperatures during the growing season is 2200–3400 °C, which ensures the ripening of winter wheat, corn for grain, millet, sugar beet, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits. However, in these areas there is insufficient moisture, which in many places requires watering and irrigation of the land.
Conclusion
Coming to the conclusion of my work, I would like to say that in any case, natural resources are not unlimited and not eternal. This makes it necessary to constantly take care of their conservation and reproduction.
For this, the following basic conditions exist.
First, it is necessary to carefully, rationally use what nature gives a person (especially in relation to irreplaceable resources).
Secondly, where available, effective measures should be taken to replenish natural resources(to restore and increase the natural fertility of the land, to carry out forest plantations, to reproduce the reserves of reservoirs).
Thirdly, recycled raw materials and other production waste should be used as much as possible.
Fourthly, it is necessary to support in every possible way the ecological purity of production and nature management.
Bibliography
1. Vavilova E.V. Economic Geography and Regional Studies: Tutorial. – M.: Gardariki, 2004. – 148 p.
2. Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobrosyuk V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook. M.: Gardarika, 1999.
3. Glushkova V.G., Makar S.V. Environmental Economics: Textbook. M.: Gardarika, 2003.
4. Lagutenko B.T. Handbook of economic geography of Russia. M.: Jurist, 2001.
5. Economic and social geography of Russia. \Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. M.: 1997
6. Economics \ Ed. can. economy Sciences, Associate Professor A.S. Bulatov. Publishing house BEK, M.: 1997
7. Russia: nature, population, economy. Encyclopedia. T. 12, M.: 1998
Leafing through an agricultural dictionary at my leisure, I came across an interesting definition called "agro-climatic resources". At first I could not understand its essence, but after carefully reading the dictionary entry with this definition, I figured out what was what. The concept and purpose of agro-climatic resources turned out to be even more interesting than I thought. So...
What is called agro-climatic resources
We should start with what are called agro-climatic resources. climatic conditions(and their properties) that have an impact on the economy And are taken into account in it.. An example of them is:
- the amount of annual precipitation;
- overall temperature during the growing season;
- duration of the frost-free period;
- distribution and strength of the sun's rays, their heat.
The power of light and heat directly depends on the intensity solar radiation. One of the main roles here is played by the duration of daylight hours. After all, some plants prefer an abundance of light, others do not.
An important factor for the existence of plants is air temperature. It is worth remembering that the life processes of plant crops proceed in the middle interval from 5°С to 30°С. So, bfrosty period called the period during which there were no severe frosts that destroy plants.
In the field of agro-climatic resources, there is a concept "sum of temperatures of the growing season". It represents a source of heat for crop growth. In Russia, located in the region 1400-3000 °С.
It is impossible not to mention the required amount soil moisture. Their volume directly depends on the abundance and distribution of precipitation per year. Sufficient snow cover in winter stores moisture for plants and protects the soil from freezing.
Zones with the best agro-climatic resources in Russia
In our country, the best combination of such resources was formed in North Caucasian And Central Black Earth region. The average sum of the temperatures of the growing season is here equal to: 2200-3400 °С.
Agro-climatic resources are the ratio of heat, moisture, light necessary for growing crops. They are defined geographic location territories within climatic zones And natural areas. Agro-climatic resources are characterized by three indicators:
The sum of active air temperatures (the sum of average daily temperatures above 10°C) that contribute to the rapid development of plants.
The length of the period with active temperatures (vegetation period) during which temperatures are favorable for plant growth. There are short, medium and long growing seasons.
Provision of plants with moisture (determined by the coefficient of moisture).
Moisture coefficient - is determined by the ratio of heat and moisture in a certain area and is calculated as the ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation. The higher the air temperature, the greater the evaporation and, accordingly, the lower the moisture coefficient. The lower the humidity coefficient, the drier the climate.
The distribution of heat and precipitation on the globe depends on the latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality. Therefore, according to the availability of agro-climatic resources on Earth, agro-climatic zones, sub-belts and humidification zones are distinguished. On the plains, they have a latitudinal location, and in the mountains they change with height. For each agro-climatic zone and sub-belt, examples of typical agricultural crops are given, specifying the duration of their growing season. The map "Agro-climatic resources" is supplemented by the map "Types of winter". It will help to characterize the prerequisites for the development and specialization of agriculture in the countries of the world.
The variety of agro-climatic resources depends on the geographical location of the country. These resources are inexhaustible, but their quality can change with climate change and under the influence of human economic activity.
Agro-climatic resources - climatic conditions taken into account in the economy: the amount of precipitation during the growing season, the annual amount of precipitation, the sum of temperatures during the growing season, the duration of the frost-free period, etc.
Agro-climatic resources are the properties of the climate that provide opportunities for agricultural production. They are characterized by: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10 °C; the sum of temperatures for this period; the ratio of heat and moisture (moisture coefficient); moisture reserves created in winter period snow cover. Different parts of the country have different agro-climatic resources. In the Far North, where there is excess moisture and little heat, only focal agriculture and greenhouse-hothouse farming are possible. Within the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga, it is warmer - the sum of active temperatures is 1000-1600 °, rye, barley, flax, and vegetables can be grown here. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes of Central Russia, in the south of Western Siberia and the Far East, moisture is sufficient, and the sum of temperatures is from 1600 to 2200 °, here you can grow rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, various vegetables, sugar beets, fodder crops for livestock needs. The most favorable agro-climatic resources are the steppe regions of the south-east of the Russian Plain, the south of Western Siberia and Ciscaucasia. Here the sum of active temperatures is 2200-3400°, and it is possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.
17.Land resources(land) occupy about 1/3 of the planet's surface, or almost 14.9 billion hectares, including 1.5 billion hectares occupied by Antarctica and Greenland. The structure of the lands of this territory is as follows: 10% is occupied by glaciers; 15.5% - deserts, rocks, coastal sands; 75% -tundra and swamps; 2% - cities, mines, roads. According to FAO (1989), there are about 1.5 billion hectares of soil suitable for agriculture on the globe. This is only 11% of the world's land cover. At the same time, there is a tendency to reduce the areas of this category of land. At the same time, the availability (in terms of one person) of arable land and forest land is decreasing.
The area of arable land per 1 person is: in the world - 0.3 ha; Russia - 0.88 ha; Belarus - 0.6 ha; USA - 1.4 ha, Japan - 0.05 ha.
When determining the endowment with land resources, it is necessary to take into account the uneven population density in different parts of the world. The most densely populated are the countries of Western Europe and Southeast Asia (more than 100 people/km2).
Desertification is a serious reason for the decrease in the area of land used in agriculture. It is estimated that the area of deserted lands is increasing annually by 21 million hectares. This process threatens all land and 20% of the population in 100 countries.
It is estimated that urbanization absorbs over 300 thousand hectares of agricultural land per year.
Solving the problem of land use, and hence the problem of providing the population with food, involves two ways. The first way is to improve agricultural production technologies, increase soil fertility, and increase crop yields. The second way is the way of expanding the areas of agriculture.
According to some scientists, in the future the area of arable land can be increased to 3.0-3.4 billion hectares, that is, the size of the total area of land, the development of which is possible in the future - 1.5-1.9 billion hectares. On these areas, products sufficient to provide for 0.5–0.65 billion people can be obtained (the annual increase on Earth is about 70 million people).
Approximately half of the area suitable for agriculture is currently cultivated. The limit of agricultural soil use reached in some developed countries is 7% of the total area. In the developing countries of Africa and South America, the cultivated part of the land is approximately 36% of the area suitable for cultivation.
An assessment of the agricultural use of the soil cover indicates a large uneven coverage of soils of different continents and bioclimatic zones by agricultural production.
The subtropical zone has been considerably developed - its soils have been plowed up for 20–25% of the total area. The small area of plowed land in the tropical zone is 7–12%.
The agricultural development of the boreal belt is very low, which is limited to the use of soddy-podzolic and partly podzolic soils - 8% of the total area of these soils. The largest arrays of cultivated land fall on the soils of the subboreal zone - 32%. the main reserves for expanding the areas of arable land are concentrated in the subtropical and tropical zones. There is also considerable potential for the expansion of arable land in the temperate zone. The objects of development are, first of all, sod-podzolic and sod-podzolic marshy soils, occupied by unproductive hayfields, pastures, shrubs, and small forests. Swamps are a reserve for the expansion of arable land.
The main factors limiting the development of land for arable land are, first of all, geomorphological (steepness of slopes, rugged relief) and climatic. The northern limit of sustainable farming lies in the band of 1400–1600° sums of active temperatures. In Europe, this border runs along the 60th parallel, in the western and middle parts of Asia - along 58 ° north latitude, at Far East– south of 53° north latitude.
The development and use of land in adverse climatic conditions requires considerable material costs and is not always economically justified.
The expansion of arable land should take into account environmental and conservation aspects.
| Forest resources of the world |
| Forest resources are the most important type of biosphere resources. Forest resources include: wood, resin, cork, mushrooms, fruits, berries, nuts, medicinal plants, hunting and trade resources, etc., as well as beneficial features forests - water protection, climate control, anti-erosion, health, etc. Forest resources are renewable resources. World forest resources are characterized by two main indicators: the size of the forest area (4.1 billion hectares or about 27% of the land area) and the stock of standing timber (350 billion m 3), which, due to constant growth, increase annually by 5.5 billion. m 3. However, forests are reduced to arable land and plantations, for construction. In addition, wood is widely used for firewood and wood products. As a result, deforestation has become rampant. The area of forests in the world annually decreases by at least 25 million hectares, and the world timber harvesting in 2000 should reach 5 billion m 3 . This means that its annual annual growth will be fully utilized. The largest area of forests has been preserved in Eurasia. This is about 40% of all world forests and almost 42% of the total timber stock, including 2/3 of the volume of the most valuable wood species. Australia has the least forest coverage. Since the sizes of the continents are not the same, it is important to take into account their forest cover, i.e. ratio of forested area to total area. According to this indicator, South America occupies the first place in the world. In the economic assessment of forest resources, such a characteristic as timber reserves is of paramount importance. On this basis, the countries of Asia, South and North America are distinguished. Leading positions in this area are occupied by countries such as Russia, Canada, Brazil and the United States. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya, and others are characterized by the practical absence of forests. The forests of the world form two vast forest belts - northern and southern. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and partly subtropical climate zone. It accounts for half of all forested areas in the world and almost the same proportion of all timber stocks. The most forested countries within this belt are Russia, the USA, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The southern forest belt is located mainly in the tropical and equatorial climate zone. It also accounts for about half of the world's forests and total timber stock. They are concentrated mainly in three areas: the Amazon, the Congo Basin and Southeast Asia. Recently, there has been a catastrophically rapid reduction of tropical forests. In the 80s. 11 million hectares of such forests were cut down annually. They are in danger of total annihilation. Over the past 200 years, the area of forests has decreased by at least 2 times. Every year, forests are destroyed on an area of 125 thousand hectares. km 2, which is equal to the territory of such countries as Austria and Switzerland combined. The main causes of deforestation are: expansion of agricultural land and deforestation to use timber. Forests are cut down in connection with the construction of communication lines. The green cover of the tropics is most intensively destroyed. In most developing countries, logging is carried out in connection with the use of wood as fuel, and forests are also burned to obtain arable land. Reduced and degraded from pollution of the atmosphere and soil forests in highly developed countries. There is a massive shrinkage of the tops of trees, due to their damage by acid rain. The consequences of deforestation are unfavorable for pastures and arable land. This situation could not go unnoticed. The most developed and, at the same time, forest-poor countries are already implementing programs to conserve and improve forest lands. Thus, in Japan and Australia, as well as in some Western European countries, the area under forests remains stable, and depletion of the forest stand is not observed. |
The high availability of mineral resources to the world economy in itself does not solve the problems associated with meeting the economic needs of individual countries in mineral raw materials.
There are significant gaps between the distribution of productive forces and mineral reserves (resources), and in a number of regions these gaps have increased. Only 20-25 countries have more than 5% of the mineral reserves of any one type of raw material. Only a few largest countries in the world (Russia, USA, Canada, China, South Africa, Australia) have the majority of their species.
Placement of resources and capacities of the manufacturing industry.
ORS accounts for approximately 36% of the world's non-fuel mineral resources, 5% of oil and 81% of manufacturing production. A fairly limited number of explored mineral raw materials are concentrated in them in a significant amount - chromites, lead, zinc, potassium salts, uranium raw materials, rutile, ilmenite, bauxites, uranium, iron ore. Among the ORS, Australia has the largest mineral resources (uranium, iron and manganese ores, copper, bauxites, lead, zinc, titanium, gold, diamonds), South Africa (manganese, chromium ores, vanadium, gold, platinoids, diamonds, urn), Canada (uranium, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, gold, potassium salts), USA (coal, oil, gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, phosphate raw materials).
About 50% of the world's non-fuel mineral resources, 2/3 of oil reserves and about half of natural gas are concentrated on the territory of the RS, while developing countries produce less than 20% of manufacturing products. In the bowels of this subsystem of the world economy, 90% of the industrial reserves of phosphates, 86% of tin, 88% of cobalt, more than half of the reserves of copper and nickel ores.
RSs are also cast by a rather significant differentiation in the endowment with mineral reserves. The vast majority of them are concentrated in about 30 of the developing countries. Yes, countries Persian Gulf have 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. In addition to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, Brazil (iron, manganese ores, bauxites, tin, titanium, gold, niobium, tantalum), Mexico (oil, copper, silver), Chile (copper, molybdenum), Zambia (copper, cobalt) should be singled out. . Modern countries Third world countries tend to be less well endowed with raw materials than ORS in early stages of its development.
Eastern European countries have significant explored reserves of mineral raw materials. The world's richest country in natural resources is Russia, where 70% of the world's apatite ore reserves, 33% of natural gas reserves, 11% of hard coal, 13% of world reserves are concentrated. iron ore, 5% of the world's oil reserves. The mineral resources of the Russian Federation are 3 times more than in the USA, and 4.4 times than in China.
Consumption and production of mineral raw materials. Industrialized countries consume over 60% of minerals, 58% of oil and about 50% of natural gas. As a result, there is a large gap between the production and consumption of mineral resources in this subsystem of the world economy. The USA imports 15-20% (in value terms) of the mineral raw materials they need, while consuming up to 40% of the world's mineral resources, primarily fuel and energy. EU countries import 70-80% of consumed mineral raw materials. Their own resources are concentrated only in a few of the main types of mineral raw materials - iron ore, mercury, potash fertilizers. Japan imports about 90-95% of mineral raw materials. ORS, possessing approximately 40% of mineral resources, consume 70% of these resources.
One of the complex problems of Western European countries and the United States is to meet the demand for oil. Thus, the United States accounts for about 25% of world oil consumption, while their share in world oil production is only 12%. Japan is almost entirely dependent on oil imports.
In developing countries (including China and Vietnam), where about 79% of the world's population lives, up to 35% of mineral resources are concentrated, about 16% of the world's mineral raw materials are consumed. Under the influence of industrialization, their demand for mineral resources is increasing. So, in the 90s. world demand for oil, ferrous and non-ferrous metals increased mainly due to the NIS of Asia and Latin America. China's booming economy is currently having a huge impact on oil and gas consumption. Due to the high quality of mineral resources in these countries and the low cost of labor, the development of the resource sector is not accompanied by a significant increase in production costs.
summary of other presentations"Humanity and Natural Resources" - Problem!!! And this year, Limit Break Day (partly due to economic crisis) will come on September 25th. . Evaluation of natural resources can be natural p as a quantitative expression, and value. An important component of the protection of natural resources is the protection of the environment. Poor and resource-rich countries. Natural resources are an important component of the economic potential of any country.
"Natural Resources of the Earth" - Food resources. Green revolutions. Hydroponics. The soil. Excess consumption. farming system. Preservation of fertile soils. Soil ecosystem. Industrial agriculture. Types of agricultural production. means of human existence. Non-renewable resources. White Rhinos. Natural resources of the Earth. Extinction surge. water holding capacity. Corn. Growth in food production.
"Natural resources of the biosphere" - Natural resource potential of Russia. Desertification danger. Reasons for the depletion of natural resources. Categories of minerals. Chernobyl. Ecological consequences of subsoil development. Alternative energy. Disadvantages of HPS. Benefits of using oil. Ways of violation. Scheme of impacts on environment. World reserves of natural gas. The evolution of world energy. Types. The share of hydropower.
"Resources of the natural environment" - Types of natural resources. Chernozems. Natural resources of the world. Water resources of the world. Land Fund. Human. The challenge for world agriculture. Lack of fresh water. Volume of logging. Problem. Agricultural land. Forest resources of the world.
"Assessment of natural conditions and resources" - Natural resources. The share of Russia in the total volume of minerals. The role of the natural environment. Share of Russian exports. natural conditions. Problems of security of the economy. Economic assessment of natural conditions and natural resources. Assessment of natural resources. The most acute problems of resource consumption. Russia's share. Natural classification of natural resources. Mineral resources. Changing the importance of the elements of nature.
"Classification of natural resources" - Mineral resources. Irrational nature management. Forest resources. Bioresources. security water resources. Natural resources. Transformation and movement of resources. Nature management. Adoption of laws aimed at the conservation of biodiversity. Resource cycle diagram. Rational nature management. Resource availability. Classification of natural resources. Alternative energy sources.
I read the word "agro-climatic resources" in the article. Since I did not fully understand its meaning, it stuck in my head securely and kept until the moment I figured out this topic.
The concept of agro-climatic resources
This type of stock is rather abstract, as for me. I'm used to the fact that resources are water, wood, earth, in general, something that can be touched and applied. The concept I am considering can be felt, but no more. Agro-climatic resources of the territory - the climatic conditions formed on it, which are determined by the geographical location and are characterized by the ratio of moisture, light and heat. This potential determines the direction of development of agricultural crop production in the area.
Agro-climatic resources of Russia
From the definition, it can be understood that the country's reserves decrease with an increase in the severity of the climate. The most successful ratio of moisture, light and heat is observed in such economic regions:
- North Caucasian.
- In the northwest of the Volga region.
- Central Black Earth.
- In the west of the Volga-Vyatka.
The advantage of this territory can be expressed in numbers: the sum of the temperatures of the growing season is 2200–3400 °C, while in the main agricultural areas it is 1400–2800 °C. Alas, in most of the territory, this figure is 1000-2000 ° C, and in the Far East in general - 800-1400 ° C, which is not enough for profitable farming by world standards. But the above areas are not only rich in heat and light, they are notable for their dryness. The moisture coefficient is more than 1.0 only near a thin strip of land, and throughout the rest of the territory it is 0.33–0.55.
Agro-climatic resources of the Volgograd region
My home area is partly in the category of Remarkable Resources (2800-3400°C). Agree, warm area.
However, moisture is not enough everywhere. The eastern territory is located in the dry zone of semi-deserts, where the moisture coefficient is less than 0.33. Only the northwestern part of the region is located in the meadow steppe zone, which is slightly arid, and the coefficient is 0.55–1.0.
