Czechoslovak 47 mm ammunition. Anti-tank guns

22.09.2019 Animals

The Skoda 37-mm VZ gun, model 1937, was produced until mid-1940. Even during the occupation of Czechoslovakia, 513 guns were produced. In 1941, the gun was modernized and 34 more guns were produced under the designation “3.7 Pak 35/36”. The gun had a shield and wooden wheels; later pneumatic ones were installed. It was used in Germany (3.7-cm PaK 37 (T), Slovakia (158 pcs.) and Yugoslavia. Performance characteristics of the gun: caliber - 37.2 mm; weight - 378 kg; barrel length - 1.8 m; ammunition weight – 1.4 kg; projectile mass – 845 g, explosive mass – 14 g; initial speed: high-explosive fragmentation projectile – 750 m/s, sub-caliber projectile – 1030 m/s; rate of fire – 12 rounds per minute; firing range– 900 m.

The Skoda 47-mm Kanon PUV vz.36 gun was produced in 1939-1940. After its modification, production of the gun began - “4.7-cm Pak (t) (Kzg)”, and for self-propelled guns - “4.7-cm Pak (t) (Sf)”. A characteristic feature of the gun was a muzzle brake and a special fastening of the barrel during transportation, which was unfolded and placed on the frame. The gun had sliding frames, sprung wheels and a shield cover. In 1941 The Pzgr.40 armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile was added to the gun's ammunition load. The weapon was used in Slovakia and Yugoslavia. The guns captured by the Wehrmacht were designated “4.7-cm Pak36(t)”, and their modification – “4.7-cm Pak (t)”. In total, at least 1,260 guns were fired. TTX guns: caliber – 47 mm; trunk length – 2.2 m; weight in traveling position - 1.3 tons, in combat position - 590 kg; ammunition - 47x405 R; weight of an armor-piercing projectile - 1.6 kg, fragmentation projectile - 2.3 kg; initial speed - 775 m/s; rate of fire - 20 rounds per minute; maximum firing range – 4 km, effective – 1.5 km; armor penetration - 60 mm at a distance of 1200 m at an impact angle of 90°; calculation – 5 people.

Tank destroyer 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B Panzerjager I

History of creation

By October 1938, when Germany openly declared its territorial claims, the presence of light tanks (essentially tankettes with turrets) Pz.Kpfw.I in combat units was considered as a necessary measure. The Wehrmacht tried to withdraw these weakly armored combat vehicles from the first line units as quickly as possible, but the release of new Pz.III and Pz.IV tanks occurred with long delays.
This is not to say that work on the modernization of the Pz.I was not carried out - just remember the VK1801VK1802 project with a new chassis (with torsion bar suspension) and an updated body. In order to strengthen the armor, which reached up to 80 mm in the frontal part of the hull, it was necessary to sacrifice driving performance. However, all this became the “swan song” of the outdated tank, since the reserves for improving it were completely exhausted.
At the time of the declaration of war with Poland, there were about 1,000 Pz.I tanks in service, many of which were used as training tanks. To extend the life of this design, a completely appropriate solution was found - to create a self-propelled gun on a tank chassis. The Alkett company took up the solution to this issue, which at the beginning of 1939 offered three options for self-propelled guns:
- anti-aircraft self-propelled gun equipped with a 20-mm FlaK 38 cannon;
- anti-tank self-propelled gun equipped with a 37-mm PaK3536 cannon;
- Self-propelled guns for infantry fire support, equipped with a 75-mm short-barreled LelG18 field gun.
The fate of these projects was as follows.
The option of installing a 20-mm anti-aircraft gun was considered acceptable, but for opportunistic reasons, the construction of the ZSU, which later received the unofficial name Flakpanzer, was delayed until the spring of 1941. A total of 24 self-propelled guns were manufactured, which were placed at the disposal of the 614th motorized anti-aircraft battalion and were actively used in battles on Eastern Front during 1942-1943.
The project for an anti-tank self-propelled gun with a 37-mm gun was rejected for a very prosaic reason - the Pz.I chassis could not withstand the recoil of a shot. Without the use of special openers, the guide roller lowered to the ground could be deformed.
The self-propelled 75 mm fire support gun also did not receive approval. Similar work was already carried out by Daimler-Benz using a more powerful chassis from the Pz.Kpfw.III Ausf.B medium tank and subsequently led to the creation of the famous StuG III, which lasted almost the entire war.

It would seem that the fate of the Pz.I was predetermined, but another option was found. The fact is that after the occupation of the Czech Republic, several hundred anti-tank guns of 37 mm and 47 mm caliber fell into the hands of the German army. The 47-mm Skoda A5 cannon, which in the Czechoslovak army received the index 4.7 cm KPUV vz.38, had very good performance. The abbreviation KPUV stood for “kanon proti utocne vozbe” - that is, anti-tank gun. This gun was developed on the basis of the A3 and A4 variants, but had higher armor penetration ratings. Thus, an armor-piercing projectile weighing 1.65 kg had an initial speed of about 775 ms and at a distance of up to 1500 meters could pierce a vertically mounted sheet of armor 40 mm thick. In fact, this meant that in 1938-1939. the only one serial tank, the armor of which could withstand fire from this gun was the French FCM 2C (and then only when fired at the frontal part of the hull).


Tank destroyer Panzerjager I of the second series on a railway platform. 1941

At the same time, the Skoda A5 gun had critically low mobility. The “inheritance” from the Skoda A3 model (3.7cm KPUV vz.37) received a carriage equipped with a trolley with wooden wheels, therefore maximum speed transportation did not exceed 15 km/h (!). It is not surprising that, having accepted the Skoda A5 into service under the new designation 4.7cm PaK(t), the Wehrmacht placed these anti-tank missiles in temporary storage. In the future, it was planned to use them in a stationary version on the Siegfried Line and other fortified areas. Some of the guns received new sprung bogies, but these were all half measures. Real work for the A5 was found only in the winter of 1940, when the Alkett company proposed installing these guns on the chassis of light tanks Pz.I or Pz.II.
An early project using the 37mm PaK 3536 was slightly modified. If at first it was planned to equip the self-propelled gun with a frontal armor shield, now an option was offered with a fixed U-shaped armored cabin (partially welded), open at the top and rear. The armor thickness was 14.5 mm. The firing sector turned out to be insignificant. The gun received a guidance sector within 34° horizontally, and from -8° to +12° in the vertical plane. Regular small arms was absent and the crew of the self-propelled guns, in the event of an attack by enemy infantry, had to rely only on personal weapons.


German light self-propelled artillery PT SAU 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B Panzerjager I

The ammunition load was 86 rounds, and at the beginning of its career, standard shells of Czechoslovak or Austrian production were actively used. As a rule, the ratio of armor-piercing shells to high-explosive fragmentation shells was 5050, but later the proportion anti-tank ammunition increased slightly.
The Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B modification was chosen as the base chassis option. It retained the design with five road wheels and four support rollers on each side. The drive wheels were in the front, the guides were in the rear. The caterpillar is fine-linked, double-ridged, 280 mm wide.
The body of the self-propelled gun was also completely transferred from the tank. It had a welded structure and rolled sheets of chromium-nickel steel with a thickness of 6 to 13 mm. The forward part of the hull housed the transmission and control compartment. The middle part was occupied by the fighting compartment, the rear by the engine compartment. The vehicle was equipped with a standard radio station Fu 2 or Fu 5.
The self-propelled guns were equipped with a 6-cylinder Maybach NR38TR gasoline engine with a power of 100 hp. and a working volume of 3791 cm3. The capacity of two 146-liter gas tanks was enough for 140 km of movement on hard ground or 95 km of terrain. The transmission consisted of a cardan drive of a double-disc dry friction main clutch, a gearbox, a turning mechanism, side clutches, gears and brakes.

Alkett built the first prototype of an anti-tank self-propelled gun on the Pz.I chassis in January 1940, and by June 120 self-propelled guns had entered the active army and 12 more were in reserve. The required number of chassis was supplied by Daimler-Benz, which carried out the major renovation, while final assembly was carried out at the Alkett facility. In the Wehrmacht, the self-propelled gun received the official designation 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B. There is an alternative version - Selbstfahrlafette mit 4,7-cm-Pak(t) auf Fahrgestell des Panzer I and the army "end-to-end" index Sd.Kfz.101 ohne Turm. However, now this combat vehicle is better known as Panzerjager I.


The order to rearm 16 self-propelled anti-tank battalions (Pz.Jaeg.Abt.521 - 616) with new vehicles was signed on March 3, 1940, but in fact it was not possible to implement it in full. At the same time, the Panzerjager I self-propelled guns were officially adopted by the German army. They were soon joined by Pz.Jaeg.Abt.(mot S)643 and Pz.Jaeg.Abt.(mot S)670, which were previously armed with towed anti-tank missiles - these units received 27 vehicles each. By order of the command of the tank forces on March 26, 1940, to speed up the process of training crews, a training regiment Pz.Jaeg.Ersatzkp. (Sfl.) was formed in Wündsdorf. It was assumed that the combat readiness of anti-tank units would be achieved by April 15, 1940.

Panzerjäger 1 of the first series


View of the Panzerjager_I chassis

Organizationally, the battalion was subordinate to the command of the tank divisions. The main combat unit of the battalion was a company consisting of three platoons. It was the company that was to be the main “instrument” in the destruction of enemy armored vehicles, since the scattered use of platoons was allowed in exceptional cases.
The platoon consisted of three “line” Panzerjagers, a machine gun crew and a Krad (half-track motorcycle). The company, in turn, consisted of three companies of self-propelled guns, a combat train and a supply train. Thus, staffing table The battalion included three companies of self-propelled guns, one Pz.Kpfw.Ib command tank and a logistics department.


German light self-propelled artillery mount / tank destroyer 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B Panzerjager I in one of the tank museums

In the manual on combat use, the crews of Panzerjager I self-propelled guns were instructed to attack the enemy from the flanks and rear, and in the event of fire superiority of enemy tanks, use the speed and high mobility of their vehicles to change positions. On the march, when self-propelled guns were part of a tank division, the Panzerjager was tasked with covering the flanks and rear of the column. It was also stipulated that in some cases the use of self-propelled guns in infantry combat formations would be permitted. In addition to fighting enemy armored vehicles, the Panzerjager I could be used to destroy long-term field fortifications.


Panzerjager 1 crews before being sent to the front, summer 1941.

Contrary to popular belief in our literature, Panzerjager took a very limited part in the military campaigns of 1940-1941. During the invasion of France and the Benelux countries, the strike group of German troops included only four anti-tank battalions of the Pz.Abt. (mos T) type. One of them was assigned to the Kleist group and participated in combat operations from May 10, 1940. The other three, numbers 616, 643 and 670, were introduced into battle as they reached combat readiness.
As stated in the report of the 18th Infantry Division, the Panzerjager I self-propelled guns performed well, destroying several enemy tanks and destroying buildings in populated areas “producing a demoralizing effect on the enemy.” However, this laudatory review also had another side, not indicated in the report.

Rear view of the conning tower.

Retraining of the Pz.Jaeg.Abt.643 crews that entered the Battle of France was carried out at an accelerated pace from April 15 to May 13, 1940, and the distance between individual units was 20 km. During this time, driver mechanics managed to gain only basic knowledge of driving combat vehicles, operation and repair. There were only two live firings, and only at the platoon level—company and battalion firings were not carried out. According to the battalion commander, his unit was not ready for combat at that time.
Having arrived in France, the self-propelled guns made several long marches. It immediately became clear that it was impossible to maintain a constant speed above 30 km/h due to the low reliability of the chassis. Approximately every 20 km (i.e. half an hour) it was necessary to stop, inspect the equipment and, if necessary, carry out routine repairs or change the lubricant. Subsequently, the “one-time” mileage was increased to 30 km, but in the absence of replacement drivers in hilly terrain, it was possible to cover only 120 km per day. If there were good roads, this figure was 150 km. During the marches, there were situations when self-propelled guns could not continue moving due to a breakdown and were forced to catch up with their units after repairs. In this regard, the following interesting incident occurred. Having fallen behind on the march, one of the Panzerjagers was able to join the assigned unit only after 8 (!) days, since during this time the battalion changed its deployment several times.


Self-propelled gun Panzerjeger 1 of the second series on the march, 1941.

Suffice it to say that in 4 days he transferred five times from subordination of one division to another.
In combat conditions, Panzerjager I proved to be quite good. The A5 gun could cope with French medium tanks, whose armor thickness did not exceed 40-50 mm, at distances of 500, maximum 600, meters. When firing at the chassis of tanks or when shelling embrasures of bunkers, a positive effect was achieved at distances of up to 1000 meters. At the final stage of the campaign, anti-tank self-propelled guns performed well in repelling tank attacks - on May 29, a section of the 642nd battalion, covering the actions of Pz.35(t) tanks from the 11th Tank Division, knocked out four French SOMUA S35s without their own losses.
The disadvantages included poor visibility, cramped work in the fighting compartment, the high height of the vehicle and insufficient protection for the crew of the self-propelled guns. As a result, it was extremely difficult to use the Panzerjager I in street battles or in open areas. It was especially pointed out that looking beyond the edge of the shield, often practiced by self-propelled gun commanders, could have fatal consequences. The reservation was considered extremely weak. Frontal armor plates were freely penetrated not only by 25-mm French anti-tank guns, but also by rifle-caliber bullets! In addition, when a projectile hits, a mass of secondary fragments is formed, affecting the crew and components of the vehicle.


Self-propelled gun Panzerjager I during exercises (1941, 12th company, 900th training brigade)

After a successful campaign on Western Front in the fall of 1940, additional range shootings were carried out on captured Renaults, Hotchkisses and Somuas, during which the tabulated values ​​of the armor penetration of the A5 gun were questioned. The French sloped armor did not always penetrate - this required bringing the tanks to the maximum distance, where their 37-mm guns could easily destroy the self-propelled gun. The effectiveness of the Czechoslovak gun was significantly improved only after the advent of a sub-caliber projectile, which was introduced into the ammunition load by the end of 1940. At the same time, the self-propelled guns were undergoing routine repairs and their modernization, which consisted of installing new, more spacious, welded deckhouses.


Self-propelled gun Panzerjager I captured in 1942 by the Allies in North Africa.

On September 19, 1940, after modifications were made, the Wehrmacht issued an order for another 70 Schutzshcilden fuer LaS-47 chassis for anti-tank self-propelled guns. Perhaps the order could have been larger, but by this time the number of chassis suitable for modifications had been greatly reduced. This time, the main production of 47-mm self-propelled guns was carried out by Klekner-Humboldt-Deutche AG, where 60 vehicles were assembled. The remaining 10 were produced by Alkett, which was then heavily loaded with orders for assault self-propelled guns. The months of delivery of Panzerjager I of the second batch were distributed as follows: December - 10, January - 30, February - 30.


Self-propelled gun Panzerjager I of the second series is transported to the front line, North Africa, 1942

In September-October 1940, the fifth battalion was formed, receiving the number Pz.Jaeg.Abt.529. Next, on October 28, the rearmament of the 605th battalion began, and on April 15, 9 self-propelled guns were sent to the 12th separate company of the 900th training brigade. Subsequently, this brigade was transferred to the Eastern Front.

In September 1941, a separate anti-tank battalion appeared as part of the SS motorized brigade "Adolf Hitler" (SS-Panzer-Division Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler or LSSAH for short), which received the first nine Panzerjager I on March 15. The personnel of this unit were recruited from 14 th company of anti-tank artillery. In total, LSSAH had two anti-tank companies with numbers 3 and 5 (18 vehicles). The self-propelled guns were initially based in the suburbs of Metz, but by March 20 they were transferred to the Bulgarian city of Slivnitsa in preparation for the invasion of Greece.


German light self-propelled artillery mount / tank destroyer 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B Panzerjager I

Self-propelled guns Panzerjager I were going to be used in the invasion of the British Isles. In preparation for Operation Seelowe, exercises were carried out with the loading and unloading of self-propelled guns from ships. The most combat-ready units (521st, 643rd and 670th battalions) were prepared for the invasion, but the landing never took place.
The operation to capture Yugoslavia was less active than on the Western Front. The 5th self-propelled gun company operating here crossed the Yugoslav border on April 9, destroying an enemy observation post at the Bitol railway station. Then the self-propelled guns moved towards Ohrid with the task of linking up with Italian troops. During the entire campaign, the Panzerjager I crews did not have a single encounter with tanks. Self-propelled guns were mainly used to suppress pockets of resistance, such as the Greek city of Klidi, which was captured only after a protracted assault. In general, the Panzerjager I anti-tank weapon failed to prove itself here.


Tank destroyer Panzerjager I of the first series in North Africa. Libya, 1941.

The Panzerjager crews had their first real taste of gunpowder during the initial phase of the campaign on the Eastern Front. On June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht had 11 battalions of anti-tank self-propelled guns on the Pz.I chassis. Of these, in the first line were:

521st, 529th and 643rd battalions as part of Army Group Center
616th battalion as part of Army Group North (Norway)
670th battalion as part of Army Group South (reserve of the 1st Tank Group)
605th Battalion - was at the disposal of the 5th Light Division sent to North Africa.

In general, the anti-tank self-propelled guns operated successfully. According to reports from the commander of the 529th battalion (27 Panzerjagers and 4 Pz.I tanks) by July 27 irrecoverable losses There were only 4 self-propelled guns, but all the tanks were in unfit condition. As it moved deeper into the USSR, the battalion lost 40% of its original strength - on November 23, out of 16 self-propelled guns, only 14 could participate in battles; the presence of tanks was not reported.


Panzerjager I self-propelled guns from the Africa Corps captured in North Africa by the British, 1943.

In the summer of 1941, both the 3rd and 5th companies, now operating as part of the LSSAH heavy battalion, managed to distinguish themselves. In border battles with the Soviet 34th Mechanized Corps, self-propelled guns achieved considerable success. In particular, on July 12, near Henrikow, a Panzerjager I company managed to knock out six Soviet tanks without losses on its part. Further, anti-tank self-propelled guns successfully operated against fortifications on the “Stalin Line” in the central part of Belarus (July 11-15), and during the battles for Kherson, Panzerjager I units fought with ships of the Dnieper flotilla. Between September 29 and October 2, the SS battalion defended positions near Perekop, supporting the actions of the 46th Infantry Division. In the spring of 1942, the obsolete Panzerjager I began to be gradually replaced by Marder II, but according to the staff of July 5, the division still had two companies of 47-mm self-propelled guns. Subsequently, LSSAH anti-tank units were transferred to France, where on August 19, 1942 they took part in repelling the Allied “test” landing near Dieppe.
Low losses in units equipped with Panzerjager self-propelled guns were explained by their competent use. Most often, self-propelled guns operated from ambushes or were used in defense from shelters, which significantly reduced the risk of their destruction. The Germans tried in every possible way to avoid direct clashes with Soviet tanks, because the 45-mm guns of even the not-so-new T-26 or BT-5 easily penetrated the armor of self-propelled guns from any distance. A company of the 529th battalion operating near Rogachev found itself in a similar situation. Soviet tanks opened fire from 45-mm cannons from a distance of 1200 meters, knocking out 5 out of 10 self-propelled guns, and only two of them were later repaired.

The meeting with new Soviet tanks also did not come as a big surprise to the Germans. No matter how rational the slope of the front and side armor plates of the “thirty-four” was, their strength had a limit. Already in June 1941, there were cases when a 45-mm side plate was penetrated from a 37-mm anti-tank gun, so the Skoda A5 guns had a good chance of defeating the armor of a Soviet medium tank. However, the effect of the tungsten-molybdenum core of the sub-caliber projectile on the armor of Soviet tanks (primarily the T-34 and KV) turned out to be insufficient. In a number of cases, the “blank” pierced the side of a Soviet tank and, breaking into 2-3 pieces, simply fell to the floor of the tank. Sometimes there were “stalemate” situations when high shooting accuracy was reduced to zero by the low penetration ability of standard ammunition. If the crew of the Soviet tank managed to notice the enemy in time, the Panzerjager had almost no chance of escape. Let us give two such episodes.


Self-propelled gun Panzerjager I during landing exercises from watercraft. Presumably, the Germans wanted to use these self-propelled guns in Operation Sea Lion.

On August 27, in the battle near Yaassy, ​​a self-propelled gun from the 521st battalion was tasked with covering infantry units. A lone T-34 that appeared in sight attracted the attention of three German officers at once, who began to give conflicting instructions to the self-propelled gun commander. Instead of opening fire on the enemy, the commander was confused and misjudged the situation - as a result, the Panzerjager received a shell on the side and was destroyed, although the commander of the Soviet tank did not even notice the self-propelled gun at first.
On August 30, north of Voronezh, one of the self-propelled guns of the same battalion was suddenly attacked by a BT tank. The driver reacted in a timely manner and switched to reverse, which gave the commander the opportunity to fire two aimed shots. The tank caught fire after the first hit (the commander and loader immediately left the damaged vehicle), but continued to move and destroyed the self-propelled gun with a ramming attack.


Tank destroyer Panzerjager I of the second series during the French campaign, spring 1940.

At the same time, shelling from 47-mm anti-tank guns at bunkers and dugouts had a demoralizing effect on the enemy, which had already happened in France. In this regard, the self-propelled gunners managed to distinguish themselves on the front line on the Berezina River. In some combat episodes, Panzerjagers operated in the first wave of attacking infantry, but only in the case of a complete absence of Soviet anti-tank missiles or tanks.
There were other, no less unpleasant remarks. First of all, they noted the weakness of the Panzerjager chassis, which immediately made itself felt during the autumn thaw. Self-propelled guns, which had low terrain mobility, often got stuck on Russian dirt roads. Also, increased operating loads led to frequent transmission and gearbox breakdowns. This unpleasant feature was noted back in February 1940, when assembly of the first Panzerjagers began. Then General Halder quite reasonably noted that these self-propelled guns would be able to operate at the front only with mandatory support from repair units. In addition, the reliability of Fu5 radios turned out to be extremely low. The batteries were quickly discharged, the fastenings were poor, and the transmitter power was clearly not enough to provide the required communication range.


Panzerjager 1 tank destroyer of the first series, side view

As received new technology Panzerjager self-propelled guns began to be gradually withdrawn to the rear, although the losses were also considerable. For example, on May 5, 1942, only three self-propelled guns and three Pz.I tanks remained in the 521st battalion. Around this same period, the 670th Battalion had one Panzerjager company and two Marder companies. Only the vehicles that were part of the 616th (formally still consisting of three Panzerjager companies) and the 529th battalion (two Panzerjager companies) survived until the end of 1942.
The latest data on the presence of Panzerjager I on the Eastern Front dates back to the beginning of 1943. By this time, 12 vehicles each belonged to the 3rd company of the 197th battalion and the 237th company of the 237th infantry division. In addition, several 47-mm self-propelled guns on the Pz.I chassis still remained in the 155th company and the 232nd tank destroyer company.


Self-propelled gun Panzerjager 1 during the blitzkrieg in the USSR, summer 1941


Self-propelled gun Panzerjeger 1, destroyed on the Eastern Front

The voyage to North Africa turned out to be no less expensive. Between 18 and 21 March 1941, the entire battalion was transferred to Libya. Several vehicles were lost in June and five more Panzerjagers were sent from Germany to make up for the losses. Only three managed to reach their destination, since two self-propelled guns sank along with the Castellon transport.
The 47 mm Panzerjager guns were particularly effective against cruising tanks. The frontal armor of British vehicles, no more than 30 mm thick, was easily penetrated even by standard ammunition at any distance. With the Matilda II infantry tanks it was somewhat more difficult. The frontal and side armor of these vehicles, 60-77 mm thick, was not penetrated by a standard type of projectile from a distance of 600-800 meters, but a lot of secondary fragments were formed. When using sub-caliber ammunition, it was possible to achieve noticeably better results. In April 1941, during the fighting at Halfaya Pass, a Panzerjager squad knocked out nine tanks, including several Matilda IIs, using tungsten-core shells.


Self-propelled gun Panzerjager 1 supports the attack of infantrymen.

Since August, the 605th battalion was transferred to the Afrika Korps reserve, but since October, anti-tank self-propelled guns were included in the special purpose division under the command of M. Sümmermann. As of November 18, the battalion had 21 self-propelled guns.
By the beginning of Operation Crusader (November 27, 1941), the 605th battalion had all 27 regular vehicles. Over the next two months, 13 self-propelled guns were lost, three of which were repaired by the end of May. While the war was in the positional stage, the number of Panzerjager self-propelled guns remained virtually unchanged. However, before the counter-offensive of the British army near El Alamein, which began on October 23, 1942, the Wehrmacht had only 11 vehicles of this type. Anti-tank self-propelled guns fought until the day of the surrender of the Afrika Korps and subsequently several Panzerjager I became Allied trophies.


German light self-propelled artillery mount / tank destroyer 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B Panzerjager I of the first series, produced from March to May 1940


German light self-propelled artillery mount / tank destroyer 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B Panzerjager I of the second series, produced from November 1940 to February 1941

Only one late version of the Panzerjager I self-propelled gun has survived to this day. This self-propelled gun, captured in North Africa, was taken to the United States and after the war was put on display at the Aberdeen Tank Museum.

__________________________________________________________________________________
Data sources:

"Panzerjager I. German tank destroyer", magazine Military-Technical Series 152, ed. Tornado
"Complete encyclopedia of world tanks 1915-2000." Compiled by G.L. Kholyavsky. Harvest.Minsk AST.Moscow. 1998
"Panzerjager. The evolution of German tank destroyers. Part 1", magazine "Tank on the Battlefield" No. 16

Czechoslovakia

47 mm P.U.V. gun

The 37-mm Pak 35/36 anti-tank gun performed well during the Polish campaign, when German troops were confronted by weakly armored enemy vehicles. But already before the attack on France, it became clear to the Wehrmacht leadership that the army needed more effective weapons. Since the Pak 38 gun was not yet ready for mass production, the Germans adopted the 47-mm Czechoslovakian P.U.V. gun. arr. 36, designating it Pak 37(t).

Anti-tank gun P.U.V. was developed by Skoda and had a completely modern design. The upper machine with the barrel, recoil devices, cradle, aiming mechanisms and sighting devices was located on the lower machine, which had sliding frames and sprung wheels. In this way, it was possible to achieve a significant horizontal aiming angle of the gun and a significant speed of its transportation. The gun was equipped with automobile-type wheels and was transported in a stowed position with frames rigidly connected to each other. The suspension was automatically turned off at the combat position when the beds were raised. The shield cover provided protection for the crew from enemy bullets and shell fragments.

Having received at their disposal a significant number of 47-mm P.U.V. cannons, the Germans used them for the first time in battles in France. In addition to the towed version of the Czechoslovak gun, the Wehrmacht also had a self-propelled version under the designation “Panzerjager” I (PzJg I). The German troops are armed with the P.U.V. cannon. sample 36 was in service until 1943, although by that time it was already somewhat outdated. To the middle of the Great Patriotic War its effectiveness decreased sharply due to the appearance of a large number of medium and heavy tanks in the Red Army. The armor-piercing shells included in the gun's ammunition had an initial speed of 775 m/s and penetrated armor 60 mm thick at a distance of 1200 m.

Tactical and technical data

Designation: P.U.V. vz. 36

Type: anti-tank gun

Caliber, mm: 47

Weight in combat position, kg: 580

Barrel length, calibers: 43,4

Angle GN, deg: 50

Angle BH, deg: -2; +26

Initial projectile speed, m/s: 775

Rate of fire rds/min: 15-20

Max. firing range, m: 4000

Armor penetration at a distance of 1200 m , mm: 60

Projectile weight, kg: 1.5

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The presence of a large number of tanks in the armies of potential enemy countries forced the Wehrmacht leadership to concern itself with the issue of creating effective anti-tank weapons. Since the early 1930s, horse-drawn artillery has already been assessed as very slow and heavy. In addition, a horse team was too easy a target and made it difficult to move guns on the battlefield. Mechanically driven artillery was more mobile, but the ideal option for fighting enemy tanks was a gun on a self-propelled tracked chassis.

Already after the military campaign in Poland, work began at German factories to re-equip and convert insufficiently armored and poorly armed light tanks PzKpfw I into anti-tank self-propelled guns. At the same time, instead of a turret, an armored conning tower was placed on top of the tank, with a 47-mm anti-tank gun installed in it, which was inherited by the Germans during the Anschluss of Czechoslovakia.


This is how the Panzerjager I anti-tank self-propelled gun was born. The first production German tank destroyer, based on a hopelessly outdated chassis light tank PzKpfw I Ausf. B. The 47-mm Czechoslovak anti-tank gun came in handy; during the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans got it in significant quantities. This gun was created by Skoda in 1937-1938 and was designated 4.7 cm KPUV vz.38 (factory index A5). The gun was adopted by the Czech army. For all its remarkable characteristics, the weapon had one significant drawback - it was completely unsuited to mechanical traction. The speed of its towing by horses was 10-15 km/h, which was enough for the Czech army, but absolutely did not suit the Wehrmacht, which lived by the idea of ​​lightning war.

Panzerjager-I, the first version with a close cabin


In the winter of 1940, the German company Alkett received an order to design self-propelled guns using the Czech anti-tank gun and the chassis of the Pz-I or Pz-II light tanks. By this time, the company's engineers had already created a project for an anti-tank self-propelled gun with a 37-mm cannon based on the Pz-I Ausf.A light tank. However, this tank turned out to be unsuitable for conversion to a new gun - when firing without the use of special stops, the sloth of the tank simply broke. Therefore, the gun was mounted on the chassis of the Pz-I Ausf.B tank, installing it in an armored room that was open at the top and rear. The maximum thickness of its armor was 14.5 mm. The horizontal gun pointing angles were ±17.5 degrees, the vertical angles ranged from -8 to +12 degrees.

The gun's ammunition capacity is 86 shells. Armor-piercing shells produced in the Czech Republic and Austria were used for firing. In 1940, a 47-mm sub-caliber ammunition was developed for this gun. At a distance of 500 meters it was able to penetrate 70 mm armor. The anti-tank self-propelled gun was adopted by the Wehrmacht in March 1940 under the designation 4.7cm Pak(t) Sfl auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B (Sd.Kfz. 101). The German companies Alkett and Daimler-Benz were involved in converting light tanks into tank destroyers. The first was engaged in the final assembly of the anti-tank self-propelled gun, while the second carried out a major overhaul of the chassis and engines of the converted “ones”.

The Chief of the Wehrmacht General Staff, Franz Halder, left the following note about this self-propelled gun: “47 mm guns: 132 self-propelled units(47-mm Skoda guns). Of these, 120 were transferred to tank divisions; 12 remain in reserve. Thus, tank divisions receive 1 company of anti-tank self-propelled guns in their anti-tank divisions.” The initial order was exactly 132 self-propelled guns (of which 2 were prototypes). The production of self-propelled guns dragged on until June 1940. Among the troops, they were given the name Panzerjager-I (tank hunter).

Panzerjager-I, fighting in France


In the combat operations of the spring-summer of 1940 against France, this self-propelled gun was not widely used. Some of its encounters with French tanks revealed the insufficient armor penetration of the gun, which did not yet have sub-caliber shells in its ammunition load. At the same time, in general, the use of anti-tank self-propelled guns by the troops was assessed positively. In the fall of 1940, the Panzerjager-I was actively used on shooting ranges and firing ranges, firing at a vast collection of captured armored vehicles from France and England.

At the same time, the first modernization of the machines was carried out. The modernization included the replacement of the old armored deckhouses with new, more spacious, fully welded deckhouses. In the fall of 1940, the Wehrmacht issued an order for the production of another 70 (according to other sources 60) of these tank destroyers. Most likely, such a small batch size was due to the limited availability of PzKpfw I Ausf tank chassis. B. The re-equipment of this batch was carried out by the Skoda and Daimler-Benz plants, since Alkett was at that time busy with a large order for the production of assault guns.

In the summer battles of 1941, the Panzerjager-I, equipped with sub-caliber shells in its ammunition load, performed quite well. All criticism of them came down to their transmission and chassis. Often the tank destroyer chassis got stuck even on dirt roads after light rain. In the fall, self-propelled guns' gearboxes began to fail. The situation began to worsen late autumn with the onset of cold weather. Self-propelled gun engines refused to start at temperatures below -15 degrees (the lubricant thickened, and the Germans simply did not have winter lubricant).

Panzerjager-I, fighting in Rostov-on-Don, autumn 1941, the Don Hotel is burning in the background


Tankers and everyone involved with engines had to warm up the engines of their cars using blowtorches or by adding gasoline to the engine lubricant, and these methods were fraught with dire consequences, but the Germans had no other choice. Often they only had to envy the Russians, who had an abundance of winter lubricant, and also scold their rear officials, who did not bother to prepare everything necessary for the winter campaign in Russia. Thus, Russia's harsh climatic conditions partially influenced the decision to send the 605th Anti-Tank Division to North Africa. There Panzerjager-I quite successfully fought with British cruiser tanks, and in close combat they could even hit the fairly well-protected Matilda.

The situation in Russia was partially smoothed out by the fact that almost all Panzerjager-I anti-tank self-propelled guns were concentrated on the southern sector of the Eastern Front, where the frosts were not so severe. In particular, these self-propelled guns were in service with the famous SS tank division “Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler”. Also, a number of captured vehicles were used by the Red Army. The last episodes of the use of Panzerjager-I on the Eastern Front date back to the 1942 campaign, to the battles of Stalingrad and the Caucasus.

If we talk about efficiency, then a 47-mm anti-tank gun from a distance of 600-700 meters could hit all Soviet tanks with the exception of the KV and T-34. True, these formidable vehicles could also be hit if a shell hit the side of their cast turrets from a distance of 400 meters. It is worth noting that sniper shooting at the front was not widespread. Only sub-caliber ammunition could significantly increase the effectiveness of the gun. Its appearance in the ammunition load made it possible to penetrate the armor of Soviet tanks from a distance of 500-600 meters, but the armor-plated damaging effect of these shells was catastrophically small. The tungsten-molybdenum core turned out to be very weak in practice. The number of secondary fragments that could pose a threat to the tank crew was also extremely small. It was often possible to observe such cases when a sub-caliber projectile, having pierced the armor of a Soviet tank, disintegrated into 2-3 pieces, which simply fell to the floor of the tank, without causing harm to either the equipment or the crew.

Panzerjager-I in Africa

Panzerjager-I, the first serial German tank destroyer, can only be considered as a completely successful, but still intermediate solution. The 47-mm anti-tank gun, created by Czech designers in the late 30s, was aimed at combating armored vehicles of its time, but was ineffective against Soviet KVs and T-34s.

Reviews on combat use in France

4 anti-tank destroyer battalions took part in the French campaign. One of them was assigned to the Kleist tank group from the first day of the campaign, that is, from May 10, 1940, the other three battalions 616, 643 and 670 were drawn into battles as they became combat ready. In a combat report from the 18th Infantry Division, fighting new tank destroyers were assessed as successful. The new tank destroyers were excellent at fighting enemy armored vehicles, and were also effective in destroying buildings in populated areas, having a demoralizing effect on enemy soldiers.

The commander of the 643rd anti-tank battalion, who had only a month to prepare it, summarized his observations from the use of these combat vehicles:

Movement on the march

Joint marches with infantry resulted in vehicles often breaking down. Failures associated with the failure of differentials and clutches were especially common. Joint marches with tank units led to exactly the same destructive results. Overweight and noisy, the Panzerjager-I is unable to maintain the same rate of movement as tanks.

On the march, the self-propelled gun is not capable of maintaining a speed of more than 30 km/h, also every half hour in the first 20 km. During the march, it is necessary to make stops in order to cool the engine of the vehicle, as well as to carry out inspections and, if necessary, carry out minor repairs and lubrication. In the future, stops must be made every 30 kilometers. Due to the lack of replacement driver mechanics, the length of the day's march over hilly terrain does not exceed 120 km, according to good roads– no more than 150 km. The length of the march at night with the headlights on very much depends on the degree of natural light and weather conditions.

Panzerjager-I on the march


Tank Destroyer Efficiency 4.7 cm Cancer (t)

The anti-tank self-propelled gun proved to be quite effective in the fight against equipment whose armor did not exceed 40-50 mm. at distances of no more than half a kilometer, maximum 600 meters. At distances of up to 1 kilometer, an anti-tank gun can disable tank tracks that are damaged by direct hits or ricochets. Also, tank destroyers are able to effectively hit enemy machine gun nests at distances of up to 1 kilometer; at long distances, hitting small targets is significantly difficult, primarily due to the low magnification of the existing telescopic sight. The flat trajectory of the armor-piercing projectiles used is 2000 meters. The demoralizing effect of Panzerjager-Is appearing on the battlefield is enormous, especially when they are firing armor-piercing and high-explosive shells.

Observation

The visibility from a self-propelled gun is quite poor, while you can look forward through the upper edge of the wheelhouse shield, but the result of this will be death. In street battles, the crew has virtually no ability to monitor what is happening. The commander of a self-propelled gun must almost constantly keep the target in the gun sight, which is very difficult to do while moving. The view to the sides of the vehicle must be carried out by the loader, who because of this is often distracted from working directly with the gun. The driver fully concentrates his attention on the route and also cannot monitor the terrain. Any sufficiently brave enemy soldier is able to destroy the crew of a self-propelled gun with a hand grenade, throwing it into the wheelhouse from the side or stern of the vehicle. Often in the heat of battle, the company commander's radio warnings about the threat go unheeded.

Booking

The battalion's personnel are aware that the Panzerjager-I was created in great haste and is the first such vehicle in the German army. But now we can say with confidence that the vehicle’s armor is completely inadequate to the combat situation. The shells of the French 25-mm anti-tank guns are able to penetrate the armor of a vehicle even from serious distances. The deckhouse armor can be penetrated even by armor-piercing rifle-caliber bullets! As a result of direct hits from shells, a large number of fragments not only from the projectile itself, but also from the armor of the tank destroyer. These fragments pose a serious threat to the entire crew. The cutouts for the gun sight and gun barrel are very large. It seems necessary to create a new conning tower with thicker armor, especially on the sides, as well as equipping it with observation devices.


Despite all the shortcomings, well-trained crews would never agree to replace self-propelled tank destroyers with towed 37-mm guns.

Specifications
Combat weight - 6.4 tons.
Crew - 3 people. (commander-gunner, loader, driver)
Armament - 47 mm 4.7 cm Pak 38 (t) cannon.
The horizontal gun aiming angle is 35 degrees.
The vertical gun aiming angle is from -8 to +12 degrees.
Ammunition - 86 shells.
The thickness of the frontal armor of the hull is 13 mm.
The thickness of the frontal armor of the cabin is 14.5 mm.
Maximum speed on the highway – up to 40 km/h
Power reserve - 150 km.

ain92 wrote in - - 23:18:00 An interesting document about captured artillery in the spacecraft as of January 1943.

Those wishing to compare these figures with the four- and even five-digit numbers of guns captured by the Wehrmacht can look at http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=26380.
Original taken from yuripasholok c Artillery captured from the Germans and their allies, data as of January 1, 1943






Fund 81, inventory 12038, file No. 228, pp. 1-2

After Stalingrad, the number of those squeezed out naturally increased sharply.

The abundance of strange designations catches the eye. I propose the following interpretation (the legend is this: one question mark - there are doubts about the interpretation, two marks - an assumption by elimination, three signs - there is absolutely trouble with the options):


  1. ? 152 mm howitzer syst. Rheinmetall "NG" arr. 1931
  2. 47 mm gun syst. Böhler "Cannone da 47/32" arr. 1935
  3. 37 mm anti-tank gun "Pak 35/36"
  4. 50 mm anti-tank gun "Pak 38"
  5. 75 mm anti-tank gun "Pak 40"
  6. ? 47-mm anti-tank gun from Skoda "4.7 cm Pak(t)" mod. 1938 (and not 1936, as they write on these Internets of yours)
  7. 20 mm anti-aircraft guns "Flak 30" and "Flak 38"
  8. ? 88-mm anti-tank rocket gun "RPzB.54", better known as Ofenror
  9. 75 mm light infantry gun "l.I.G. 18"
  10. ? 75 mm light field guns "l.F.K. 18" and "l.F.K. 38"
  11. ??? 75.8 mm mortars were not in service with the Wehrmacht...
  12. ?? 76 mm mortar syst. Rheinmetall "NM" arr. 1931
  13. ? 77-mm field gun "l.F.K. 16" mod. 1916 (didn't they convert them to 75mm?)
  14. ?? 105 mm gun "10 cm K 17" mod. 1914/17
  15. ? 105 mm recoilless rifles "L.G. 40" and "L.G. 42"
  16. 105 mm light field howitzers "l.F.H. 18" along with modifications
  17. ??? typo
  18. ? 105 mm heavy gun "s.K. 18"
  19. ?? same as above
  20. 149 mm heavy infantry gun "s.I.G. 33"
  21. 149 mm heavy field howitzer "s.F.H. 18"
  22. ? 149 mm guns "K. 16", "K. 18" and "K. 39"
  23. ?? same as 20
  24. ?? 170 mm gun "Kanone 18 in Mörserlafette"
  25. ?? 210 mm howitzer "Mrs. 18"
  26. 20/28 mm anti-tank gun "s.Pzb. 41"
  27. ? 76.5 mm field gun "8 cm F.K. 30(t)" or its Balkan (Yugoslav and Romanian) analogues
  28. ? same as 7
  29. ?? 20-mm heavy anti-tank rifle from Solothurn "Pzb. 41(s)"
  30. ?? 25-mm anti-aircraft guns from Hotchkiss (French models 1938, 1939 and 1940, as well as Romanian)
  31. ?? 37 mm anti-aircraft guns "Flak 18", "Flak 36" and "Flak 37"
  32. ?? 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns different countries or anti-tank 2-pounders
  33. ? 42/28 mm anti-tank gun "Pak 41"
  34. ??? I don’t even know what is more implausible - a 6-pounder from Africa or a ZIS-2 mod. 1941
  35. ??? in France and Belgium, the Germans captured a dozen models and varieties of 155 mm guns