Almost simultaneously with the start of serial production of the ZSU-57-2 on April 17, 1957, the Council of Ministers adopted Resolution No. 426-211 on the development of new rapid-fire ZSU "Shilka" and "Yenisei" with radar guidance systems. This was a kind of response to the adoption of the M42A1 ZSU into service in the United States.

Formally, “Shilka” and “Yenisei” were not competitors, since the first was developed to provide air defense for motorized rifle regiments to hit targets at altitudes up to 1500 m, and the second was developed for air defense of tank regiments and divisions and operated at altitudes up to 3000 m.

The ZSU-37-2 “Yenisei” used a 37-mm 500P assault rifle, developed at OKB-16 (chief designer A. E. Nudelman). The 500P had no analogues in ballistics, and its cartridges were not interchangeable with other 37-mm automatic guns of the army and navy, with the exception of the low-volume Shkval anti-aircraft gun.

Especially for the Yenisei, OKB-43 designed a twin Angara cannon, equipped with two 500P belt-fed assault rifles. "Angara" had a liquid cooling system for the barrels and servo electro-hydraulic drives, which were later planned to be replaced with purely electric ones. Guidance drive systems were developed by the Moscow TsNII-173 GKOT - for power servo guidance drives and the Kovrov branch of TsNII-173 (now VNII Signal) - for stabilization of the line of sight and line of fire.

Guidance of the Angara was carried out using the noise-proof RPK Baikal, created at the Research Institute-20 of the State Committee for Energy and Energy and operating in the centimeter wave range - about 3 cm. Looking ahead, let's say during tests it turned out that neither the Tobol RPK on the Shilka ", nor "Baikal" on the "Yenisei" could independently search for an air target with sufficient efficiency, therefore, even in the resolution of CM No. 426-211 of April 17, 1957, it was envisaged that a mobile radar should be created and transferred for state testing in the second quarter of 1960 "Ob" for controlling the ZSU. "Ob" included the "Neva" command vehicle with the "Irtysh" target designation radar and the "Baikal" RPK, located in the "Yenisei" ZSU. The Ob complex was supposed to simultaneously control the fire of six to eight ZSUs. However, in mid-1959, work on the Ob was stopped - this made it possible to speed up the development of the Krug anti-aircraft missile system.

The chassis for the Yenisei was designed at the Uralmash Design Bureau under the leadership of G.S. Efimov based on the chassis of the experimental self-propelled unit SU-10OP. Its production was supposed to be launched at the Lipetsk Tractor Plant.

The ZSU-37-2 had bulletproof armor, which at the ammunition locations provided protection against the 7.62 mm B-32 rifle armor-piercing bullet from a distance of 400 m.

To power the on-board network, the Yenisei was equipped with a special gas turbine engine developed by NAMI, the use of which made it possible to ensure rapid readiness for combat in low temperatures air.

Tests of the Shilka and Yenisei self-propelled guns took place in parallel, although according to different programs.

“Yenisei” had a range and ceiling range close to the ZSU-57-2, and according to the conclusion of the State Commission, “provided cover for tank forces in all types of combat, since air attack weapons against tank forces primarily operate at altitudes up to 3000 m.” . Normal mode firing (tank) - a continuous burst of up to 150 shots per barrel, then a break of 30 s (air cooling) and repeating the cycle until the ammunition is used up.

During the tests, it was found that one Yenisei ZSU is superior in efficiency to a six-gun battery of 57-mm S-60 cannons and a battery of four ZSU-57-2.

During testing, the Yenisei ZSU ensured shooting while moving on virgin soil at a speed of 20 - 25 km/h. When driving along a tank track at a training ground at a speed of 8-10 km/h, the shooting accuracy was 25% lower than from a standstill. The accuracy of the Angara cannon is 2 - 2.5 times higher than the S-68 cannon.

During state tests, 6,266 shots were fired from the Angara cannon. At the same time, only two delays and four breakdowns were noted, which amounted to 0.08% of delays and 0.06% of breakdowns from the number of shots fired, which is less than permissible according to III. During the tests, the SDU malfunctioned (the equipment for protection against passive interference) showed good maneuverability.

• operating limit for target speed is up to 660 m/s at altitudes over 300 m and 415 m/s at altitudes 100 - 300 m;

• the average detection range of a MiG-17 aircraft in a 30° sector without target designation is 18 km (the maximum tracking range of a MiG-17 is 20 km);

• maximum target tracking speed vertically - 40 degrees/s, horizontally - 60 degrees/s. The time to transfer to combat readiness from the preliminary readiness mode is 10 - 15 s.

According to data obtained during the tests, it was proposed to use the Yenisei to protect army anti-aircraft missile systems“Circle” and “Cube”, since its effective firing zone overlapped the dead zone of these air defense systems.

The Shilka, designed in parallel with the Yenisei, used the 2A7 assault rifle, which was a modification of the 2A14 assault rifle of the ZU-23 towed installation.

Let us remind the reader that in 1955 - 1959 several 23-mm towed installations were tested, but only the twin ZU-14 on two wheels, developed at KBP under the leadership of N.M. Afanasyev and P.G. Yakushev, was adopted. The ZU-14 was officially adopted by Decree CM No. 313-25 of March 22, 1960 and received the name ZU-23 (GRAU index - 2A13). It entered service with the airborne troops of the Soviet Army, was in service with the Warsaw Pact countries and many developing countries, and participated in many local wars and conflicts. However, the ZU-23 had significant drawbacks: it could not accompany tank and motorized rifle units.

niya, and the accuracy of its fire was reduced due to manual aiming and the absence of an RPK.

When creating the 2A7 assault rifle, a casing with liquid cooling elements, a pneumatic reloading mechanism and an electric trigger were introduced into the 2A14 design. When firing, the barrels were cooled by running water or antifreeze through grooves on their outer surface. After a burst of up to 50 shots (per barrel), a break of 2 - 3 s was required, and after 120 - 150 shots - 10 - 15 s. After 3000 shots the barrel had to be replaced. The spare parts for the installation included 4 spare barrels. The quadruple installation of 2A7 assault rifles was called the “Amur” gun (army designation - AZP-23, GRAU index - 2A10).

During state tests, 14,194 shots were fired from the Amur cannon and 7 delays were obtained, that is, 0.05% (according to the TTT, 0.3% was allowed). The number of breakdowns is also 7, or 0.05% (according to TTT, 0.2% was allowed). The power drives for gun guidance worked quite smoothly, stably and reliably.

RPK "Tobol" as a whole also worked quite satisfactorily. The target, a MiG-17 aircraft, after receiving target designation via radiotelephone, was detected at a distance of 12.7 km with a sector search of 30° (according to TTT - 15 km). The automatic target tracking range was 9 km for approach and 15 km for distance. The RPK worked against targets flying at speeds of up to 200 m/s, but based on test data, a calculation was made that proved that its operating limit for target speed was 450 m/s, that is, it corresponded to III. The magnitude of the RPK sector search was adjustable from 27° to 87°.

During sea trials on a dry dirt road, a speed of 50.2 km/h was achieved. The fuel reserve was enough for 330 km and still remained for 2 hours of operation of the gas turbine engine.

Since the “Shilka” was intended to replace 14.5-mm quad ZPU-4 anti-aircraft machine gun mounts and 37-mm 61-K mod. guns in motorized rifle regiments and airborne divisions. 1939, then, based on the test results, the probability of hitting a target of the F-86 fighter type flying at an altitude of 1000 m from these artillery systems was calculated (see table).

After completing the tests of the Shilka and the Yenisei, the state commission examined the comparative characteristics of both self-propelled guns and issued a conclusion on them:

1) “Shilka” and “Yenisei” are equipped with a radar system and provide shooting day and night in any weather; 2) the weight of the Yenisei is 28 tons, which is unacceptable for arming motorized rifle units and airborne forces; 3) when firing at MiG-17 and Il-28 aircraft at an altitude of 200 and 500 m, the Shilka is 2 and 1.5 times more effective than the Yenisei, respectively; 4) “Yenisei” is intended for air defense of tank regiments and tank divisions for the following reasons: - tank units and formations operate mainly in isolation from the main group of troops. "Yenisei" provides escort of tanks at all stages of the battle, provides effective fire at altitudes up to 3000 m and ranges up to 4500 m. The use of this installation practically eliminates accurate bombing of tanks, which the "Shilka" cannot provide; - there are quite powerful high-explosive fragmentation and armor-piercing shells. "Yenisei" can fire more effectively in self-defense at ground targets when following tank forces in battle formations; 5) unification of new self-propelled guns with products in mass production: - according to Shilka - a 23-mm machine gun and rounds for it are in mass production. The SU-85 tracked base is manufactured at MMZ; - according to the Yenisei - the RPK is unified in modules with the Krug system, in the tracked base - with the SU-100P, for the production of which 2 - 3 factories are preparing.

Both in the above excerpts from the commission’s conclusion and in other documents there is no clear justification for the priority of Shilka over Yenisei. Even their cost was comparable.

The commission recommended adopting both ZSUs. But by resolution of the Council of Ministers of September 5, 1962 No. 925-401, only the Shilka was accepted into service, and on September 20 of the same year, the State Defense Committee issued an order to stop work on the Yenisei. An indirect proof of the delicacy of the situation was that two days after the closure of work on the Yenisei, an order from the State Committee for Technical Development appeared on equal bonuses for organizations working on both machines.

The Tula Machine-Building Plant was supposed to begin serial production of Amur guns for Shilka at the beginning of 1963. However, both the guns and the vehicle turned out to be largely unfinished. A significant design defect was the unreliable removal of spent cartridges, which accumulated in the cartridge outlets and jammed the machine gun. There were also defects in the barrel cooling system, in the vertical guidance mechanism, etc.

As a result, “Shilka” went into mass production only in 1964. This year it was planned to produce 40 cars, but this was not possible. Nevertheless, mass production of the ZSU-23-4 was later launched. In the late 60s, their average annual production was about 300 cars.

Description of the design of the Shilka self-propelled gun

In the welded body of the GM-575 tracked vehicle there is a control compartment in the bow, a combat compartment in the middle and a power compartment in the stern. Between them there were partitions that served as the front and rear supports of the tower.

The ZSU is equipped with an 8D6 diesel engine, which was given the designation B-6R by the manufacturer for installation on the GM-575. Machines manufactured since 1969 were equipped with the V-6R-1 engine, which had minor design changes.

The V-6R engine is a six-cylinder, four-stroke, compressor-free, liquid-cooled diesel engine. Maximum power at 2000 rpm - 280 hp. The cylinder displacement is 19.1 liters, the compression ratio is 15.0.

The GM-575 is equipped with two welded aluminum alloy fuel tanks - front 405 liters and rear 110 liters. The first is located in a separate compartment of the bow of the hull.

The power transmission is mechanical, with stepwise change of gear ratios, located in the aft part. The main clutch is multi-disc, dry friction. The main clutch control drive is mechanical, from the pedal at the driver's seat. The gearbox is mechanical, three-way, five-speed, with synchronizers in II, III, IV and V gears.

The rotation mechanisms are planetary, two-stage, with locking clutches. Final drives are single-stage, with spur gears.

The tracked drive of the machine consists of two drive wheels, two guide wheels with a track tensioning mechanism, two track chains and twelve road wheels.

The caterpillar chain is metal, with lantern engagement, with closed hinges, made of 93 steel tracks connected to each other by steel pins. Track width is 382 mm, track pitch is 128 mm.

The drive wheels are welded, with removable rims, rear-mounted. The guide wheels are single, with metal rims. The support rollers are welded, single, with rubber-coated rims.

The vehicle's suspension is independent, torsion bar, asymmetrical, with hydraulic shock absorbers on the first front, fifth left and sixth right road wheels; spring stops on the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth left track rollers and the first, third, fourth and sixth right track rollers.

The tower is a welded structure with a ring diameter of 1840 mm. It is attached to the frame by the front frontal plates, on the left and right walls of which the upper and lower gun cradles are attached. When the swinging part of the gun is given an elevation angle, the embrasure of the frame is partially covered by a movable shield, the roller of which slides along the guide of the lower cradle.

There are three hatches on the right side plate: one, with a bolted cover, is used for mounting turret equipment, the other two are closed with a visor and are air inlets for the ventilation of the units and the supercharger of the PAZ system. A casing is welded to the outside of the left side of the turret, designed to remove steam from the gun barrel cooling system. There are two hatches in the rear turret for servicing equipment.

The turret is equipped with a 23-mm quad gun AZP-23 "Amur". It, together with the turret, was assigned the index 2A10, the gun's submachine guns - 2A7, and the power drives - 2E2. The automatic operation of the gun is based on the removal of powder gases through a side hole in the barrel wall. The barrel consists of a pipe, cooling system casings, a gas chamber and a flame arrester. The valve is wedge, with the wedge lowering down. The length of the machine gun with a flame arrester is 2610 mm, the length of the barrel with a flame arrester is 2050 mm (without a flame arrester - 1880 mm). The length of the threaded part is 1730 mm. The weight of one machine gun is 85 kg, the weight of the entire artillery unit is 4964 kg.

The cartridges are fed from the side, chambering is direct, directly from the link with the cartridge skewed. Right-hand machines have right-hand tape feed, left-hand ones - left-hand feed. The tape is fed into the receiving windows of the machines from the cartridge box. For this, the energy of the powder gases is used, driving the feed mechanism through the bolt frame, and partly the recoil energy of the machine guns. The gun is equipped with two boxes of 1000 rounds of ammunition (of which the upper machine gun has 480, and the lower machine has 520 rounds) and a pneumatic reloading system for cocking the moving parts of the machine guns in preparation for firing and reloading in case of misfires.

Two machines are mounted on each cradle. Two cradles (upper and lower) are mounted on the frame, one above the other, at a distance of 320 mm from each other at horizontal position, the lower one is extended forward in relation to the upper one by 320 mm. The parallelism of the trunks is ensured by a parallelogram rod connecting both cradles. Two gear sectors are attached to the bottom and mesh with the gears of the input shaft of the vertical guidance gearbox. The Amur cannon is placed on a base mounted on a ball shoulder strap. The base consists of upper and lower boxes. An armored turret is attached to the end of the upper box. Inside the base there are two longitudinal beams that serve as support for the frame. Both cradles with automatic machines attached to them swing in the bearings of the frame and swing on axles.

The gun's ammunition includes 23-mm BZT and OFZT shells. Armor-piercing BZT shells weighing 190 g do not have a fuse and explosive, but contain only an incendiary substance for tracing. OFZT fragmentation shells weighing 188.5 g have an MG-25 head fuse. The propellant charge for both projectiles is the same - 77 g of gunpowder grade 5/7 TsFL. Cartridge weight 450 g. Steel sleeve, disposable. The ballistic data of both projectiles are the same - initial speed 980 m/s, table ceiling 1500 m, table range 2000 m. OFZT projectiles are equipped with self-destructors with an action time of 5-11 s. The machine guns are powered by a belt feed, with a capacity of 50 rounds. The belt alternates four OFZT cartridges - one BZT cartridge, etc.

Guidance and stabilization of the AZP-23 gun is carried out by 2E2 power guidance drives. The 2E2 system used URS (Jenny coupling): for horizontal guidance - URS No. 5, and for vertical guidance - URS No. 2.5. Both operate from a common DSO-20 electric motor with a power of 6 kW.

Depending on external conditions and the state of the equipment, firing at anti-aircraft targets is carried out in the following modes.

The first (main) is the auto-tracking mode, angular coordinates and range are determined by the radar, which automatically tracks the target along them, providing data to the computing device (analog computer) for generating pre-emptive coordinates. Fire is opened upon the “Data available” signal on the counting device. RPK automatically produces complete angles guidance takes into account the pitching and yaw of the ZSU and issues them to the guidance drives, and the latter automatically aim the gun at the lead point. Firing is carried out by the commander or search operator - gunner.

The second mode - angular coordinates come from the sighting device, and the range - from the radar.

The angular current coordinates of the target are supplied to the calculating device from the sighting device, which is guided by the search operator - the gunner - semi-automatically, and the range values ​​come from the radar. Thus, the radar operates in radio range finder mode. This mode is auxiliary and is used in the presence of interference that causes malfunctions in the operation of the antenna guidance system along angular coordinates, or, in the event of a malfunction in the auto-tracking channel, along the angular coordinates of the radar. Otherwise, the complex works the same as in auto tracking mode.

The third mode - proactive coordinates are generated based on the “remembered” values ​​of the current coordinates X, Y, H and the target velocity components Vx, V and Vh, based on the hypothesis of uniform rectilinear motion of the target in any plane. The mode is used when there is a threat of losing a radar target during automatic tracking due to interference or malfunctions.

The fourth mode is shooting using a backup sight, aiming is carried out in semi-automatic mode. The lead is introduced by the search operator - the gunner along the angle rings of the backup sight. This mode is used when the radar, computer and stabilization systems fail.

The radar-instrument complex is designed to control the fire of the AZP-23 cannon and is located in the instrument compartment of the tower. It consists of: a radar station, a counting device, blocks and elements of stabilization systems for the line of sight and line of fire, and a sighting device. The radar station is designed to detect low-flying high-speed targets and precise definition coordinates of the selected target, which can be done in two modes: a) angular coordinates and range are tracked automatically; b) angular coordinates come from the sighting device, and the range comes from the radar.

The radar operates in the range of 1 - 1.5 cm waves. The choice of range is due to a number of reasons. Such stations have antennas with small weight and dimensions. Radars in the 1-1.5 cm wavelength range are less susceptible to deliberate enemy interference, since the ability to operate in a wide frequency band allows, by using broadband frequency modulation and signal coding, to increase noise immunity and the processing speed of received information. By increasing the Doppler frequency shifts of reflected signals arising from moving and maneuvering targets, their recognition and classification is ensured. In addition, this range is less loaded with other radio equipment. Looking ahead, let's say that radars operating in this range make it possible to detect air targets developed using stealth technology. By the way, according to the foreign press, during Operation Desert Storm, an American F-117A aircraft built using this technology was shot down by an Iraqi Shilka.

The disadvantage of radar is its relatively short range, usually not exceeding 10 - 20 km and depending on the state of the atmosphere, primarily on the intensity of precipitation - rain or wet snow. To protect against passive interference, the Shilki radar uses a coherent-pulse method of target selection. Simply put, constant signals from terrain objects and passive interference are not taken into account, and signals from moving targets are sent to the PKK. Radar control produced by the search operator and the range operator.

The power supply system is designed to power all ZSU-23-4 consumers with direct current voltage of 55 V and 27.5 V and alternating current voltage of 220 V, frequency 400 Hz.

The main elements of the power supply system include:

• gas turbine engine of the power supply system type DG4M-1, designed to rotate the DC generator;

• a set of PGS2-14A DC generator with equipment designed to power DC consumers with a stabilized voltage of 55 V and 27.5 V;

• a set of converter block BP-III with a block of contactors BK-III, designed to convert direct current into alternating three-phase current;

• four 12-ST-70M batteries designed to compensate for peak overloads of the DC generator, to power the starters of the DG4M-1 engine and the V-6R engine of the machine, as well as to power instruments and electrical consumers when the generator is not working.

The DG4M-1 gas turbine engine, the power supply system gearbox and the PGS2-14A generator are connected to each other into a single power unit, which is installed in the power compartment of the machine in the right rear niche and is rigidly fixed at four points. Rated power of the DG4M-1 engine is 70 hp. at 6000 rpm. Specific fuel consumption up to 1050 g/hp. at one o'clock. The maximum starting time for the DG4M-1 engine with acceptance of the rated load, including cold cranking, is 2 minutes. The dry weight of the DG4M-1 engine is 130 kg.

The ZSU-23-4 is equipped with a short-wave frequency-modulated telephone transceiver radio station R-123. Its range of action in moderately rough terrain with the noise suppressor turned off and no interference is up to 23 km, and with the noise suppressor turned on - up to 13 km.

For intercom a tank intercom R-124 for 4 subscribers is used.

ZSU-23-4 is equipped with TNA-2 navigation equipment. Its arithmetic mean error in generating coordinates as a percentage of the distance traveled is no more than 1%. When the ZSU is moving, the operating time of the equipment without reorientation is 3 - 3.5 hours.

The crew is protected from radioactive dust by cleaning the air and creating excess pressure in the fighting compartment and control compartment. For this purpose, a central blower with inertial air separation is used.

Operation, modernization and combat use"Shilki"

ZSU-23-4 “Shilka” began to enter service with the troops in 1965 and by the beginning of the 70s they completely replaced the ZSU-57-2. Initially, the statewide tank regiment had a “shiloka” division, which consisted of two batteries of four vehicles each. At the end of the 60s, it often happened that in a division one battery had a ZSU-23-4 and one battery had a ZSU-57-2. Later, motorized rifle and tank regiments received a standard anti-aircraft battery, consisting of two platoons. One platoon had four Shilka self-propelled air defense systems, and the other had four Strela-1 self-propelled air defense systems (then Strela-10 air defense systems).

The operation of the Shilka has shown that the RPK-2 works well under conditions of passive interference. There was practically no active jamming of the Shilka during our exercises, since there were no radio countermeasures at its operating frequencies, at least in the 70s. Significant shortcomings of the PKK were also revealed, which often needed reconfiguration. Instability of the electrical parameters of the circuits was noted. The RPK could take the target for auto tracking no closer than 7 - 8 km from the ZSU. At shorter distances this was difficult to do due to the high angular velocity of the target. When switching from detection mode to auto-tracking mode, the target was sometimes lost.

The DG4M-1 gas turbine engines were constantly malfunctioning, and the on-board generator operated primarily from the main engine. In turn, systematic operation of the diesel engine while parked at low speeds led to its tarring.

In the second half of the 60s, the ZSU-23-4 underwent two small modernizations, the main purpose of which was to increase the reliability of various components and assemblies, primarily the RPK. The vehicles of the first modernization received the index ZSU-23-4V, and the second - ZSU-23-4V1. Basic performance characteristics self-propelled guns remained unchanged.

In October 1967, the Council of Ministers issued a resolution on a more serious modernization of the Shilka. Its most important part was the redesign of the 2A7 assault rifles and the 2A10 gun in order to increase the reliability and stability of the complex, increase the survivability of gun parts and reduce maintenance time. During the modernization process, the pneumatic charging of 2A7 assault rifles was replaced by pyrocharging, which made it possible to exclude an unreliably operating compressor and a number of other components from the design. The welded coolant drain pipe was replaced with a flexible pipeline - this increased the barrel life from 3500 to 4500 shots. In 1973, the modernized ZSU-23-4M was put into service along with the 2A7M assault rifle and the 2A10M cannon. The ZSU-23-4M received the designation “Biryusa”, but the troops still called it “Shilka”.

After the next modernization, the installation received the index ZSU-23-4MZ (3 - interrogator). For the first time, “friend or foe” identification equipment was installed on it. Later, during repairs, all ZSU-23-4M were brought to the level of ZSU-23-4MZ. Production of the ZSU-23-4MZ ceased in 1982.

“Shilkas” were widely exported to the Warsaw Pact countries, the Middle East and other regions. They took an active part in the Arab-Israeli wars, the Iraqi-Iranian war (on both sides), and also in the war in the zone Persian Gulf in 1991.

There are different points of view regarding the effectiveness of the Shilka in the fight against air targets. Thus, during the 1973 war, shilkis accounted for about 10% of all Israeli aircraft losses (the rest were distributed between air defense systems and fighter aircraft). However, the pilots taken prisoner showed that the “shilkas” literally created a sea of ​​fire and the pilots instinctively left the ZSU fire zone and fell into the range of the air defense missile system. During Operation Desert Storm, pilots of the multinational forces tried not to operate unnecessarily at altitudes less than 1300 m, fearing fire from the Shiloks.

In Afghanistan, “shilkas” were highly valued by our officers and soldiers. A convoy is walking along the road, and suddenly there is fire from an ambush, try to organize a defense, all the vehicles have already been targeted. There is only one salvation - “Shil-ka”. A long burst of fire at the enemy, and a sea of ​​fire at his position. The dushmans called our self-propelled gun “shaitan-arba”. They determined the beginning of her work immediately and immediately began to leave. “Shilka” saved the lives of thousands of Soviet soldiers.

In Afghanistan, this ZSU fully realized the ability to fire at ground targets in the mountains. Moreover, a special “Afghan version” appeared - as it was no longer needed, the radio instrument complex was dismantled, due to which it was possible to increase the ammunition load from 2000 to 4000 rounds. A night sight was also installed.

Interesting touch. Columns accompanied by the Shilka were rarely attacked, not only in the mountains, but also near populated areas. The ZSU was dangerous for manpower hidden behind the adobe ducts - the shell fuse was triggered when it hit the wall. The Shilka was also effective against lightly armored targets - armored personnel carriers, vehicles...

When adopting the Shil-ku, both the military and representatives of the military-industrial complex understood that the 23-mm Amur cannon was too weak. This applied to the short slanted firing range, to the ceiling, and to the weakness of the high-explosive effect of the projectile. The Americans added fuel to the fire by advertising the new A-10 attack aircraft, which was supposedly invulnerable to 23-mm Shilka shells. As a result, almost the next day after the ZSU-23-4 was put into service, conversations began at all high levels about its modernization in terms of increasing firepower and, first of all, increasing the effective firing range and the destructive effect of the projectile.

Since the fall of 1962, several preliminary designs for installing 30-mm machine guns on the Shilka have been worked out. Among them, we considered the 30-mm revolver-type assault rifle NN-30 designed by OKB-16, used in the shipborne AK-230 installation, the 30-mm six-barrel assault rifle AO-18 from the shipborne installations AK-630, and the 30-mm double-barreled assault rifle AO-17 designed by KBP . In addition, the 57-mm double-barreled AO-16 assault rifle, specially designed at KBP for an anti-aircraft self-propelled gun, was tested.

On March 26, 1963, a technical council was held in Mytishchi near Moscow under the leadership of N.A. Astrov. It was decided to increase the caliber of the ZSU from 23 to 30 mm. This doubled (from 1000 to 2000 m) the zone of 50% probability of hitting a target and increased the firing range from 2500 to 4000 m. Firing efficiency against a MiG-17 fighter flying at an altitude of 1000 m at a speed of 200 - 250 m/s , increased by 1.5 times.

When comparing 30-mm machine guns, it was indicated that the extraction of cartridges from the NN-30 goes back down, and the removal of cartridges from the Shilka turret goes forward to the side, which will require significant alterations in the ZSU. When comparing the AO-17 and AO-18, which had the same ballistics, the advantage of the former was noted, which required less modification of individual components, provided easier operating conditions for the drives, maintaining to a greater extent the continuity of the design, including the turret ring, horizontal gearbox, guidance , hydraulic drive, etc.

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Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun"Shilka" is designed to destroy low-flying targets at a range of up to 2500 m and an altitude of 1500 m, as well as ground targets at a range of up to 2000 m.

The armament consists of a four-barreled automatic anti-aircraft gun AZP-23-4 with liquid cooling and a radio instrument complex (RPK). The gun is aimed using a hydraulic drive, as well as manually (ground targets). Ammunition capacity: 2000 shells. Rate of fire 3400 rounds per minute. Ammunition: BZT - armor-piercing incendiary, tracer; OFZT - high-explosive fragmentation, incendiary, tracer and OFZ - high-explosive fragmentation incendiary. Typical belt equipment: three OFZT, one BZT.

The RPK includes a radar station RLS-33, a computing device (SRP), a sighting device and a stabilization system. Range radar detection up to 20 km.

Communications: radio station R-123.

Base: GM-575 (manufactured by the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, now ZAO Metrovagonmash). Engine: diesel, single-row, six-cylinder, 260 hp. Fuel capacity - 400 l. Transmission - mechanical. Special power supply: gas turbine engine, generator, on-board network converter. Output voltages: DC 27V, 54V and AC 220V 400Hz.

The installation crew is 4 people: commander, search operator, range operator and driver.

In the 60-70s. Anti-aircraft defense of motorized infantry and tank regiments was provided by ZRABatr (anti-aircraft missile artillery battery) consisting of a platoon of four "Shilok" and a platoon of four "Strel-1" (hereinafter "Strel-10"), covering the dead zones of the divisional air defense system "Kub" ("Wasp").

Since the 80s, the SME and TP has included an anti-aircraft division consisting of the Shilok (Tungusok) battery, the Strela-10 battery and the Igla MANPADS battery on an infantry fighting vehicle (armored personnel carrier).

ZSU-23-4 is capable of detecting and tracking low-flying aircraft at an effective range of up to 2500 meters. The installation is capable of firing on the move thanks to the presence of an artillery installation stabilization system and radar.

ZSU-23-4 can be transported by An-22 and Il-76.

Analyzing the results of the 1973 war in the Middle East, foreign military observers noted that in the first three days of fighting, Syrian missilemen destroyed about 100 Israeli aircraft. In their opinion, this was explained by the fact that the dense fire of Soviet-made automatic ZSU-23-4 forced the Israeli pilots to withdraw from low altitudes to where the anti-aircraft missiles were operating.

The appearance in the 50s of anti-aircraft missile systems capable of hitting air targets at medium and high altitudes led to the fact that attack and bomber aircraft pilots mastered a new tactical technique - approaching ground targets from low, up to 300 m, and extremely low altitudes . The crews of the missile and anti-aircraft guns simply did not have time to hit a high-speed aircraft attacking within 15-30 seconds. Needed new technology- mobile, fast, with high degree automation that can fire from a standstill and on the move. Soviet designers also began working on such anti-aircraft guns, but they immediately encountered a number of serious problems, since they had never done anything like this before.

First of all, this concerned the layout. It was initially planned to place the relatively light but bulky electronic equipment inside the body of the self-propelled gun, but for a number of reasons, primarily because of the long waveguides of the radar station, this option was rejected. Then they decided to mount weapons, equipment and crew seats in a large, closed tower. True, the tactical and technical specifications allowed us to limit ourselves to a semi-closed vehicle, but the roof was needed to protect the radio electronics from moisture and dust.

The 37- and 57-mm guns then in service did not suit the designers due to the cassette loading mechanism (hence the low rate of fire) and the large mass, which required powerful power drives. Another thing is the 23-mm automatic cannon with belt feeding, which, by the way, made it possible to do without a loader. And the relatively small power of its fragmentation projectile was fully compensated by the significant weight of a second salvo - this method has long been used in fighter aircraft.

Choosing a location for the radar antenna caused a lot of trouble. After all, when installing the barrels before firing in advance, a mismatch occurs between the line of the shot and the electrical axis of the locator, which is why they, the barrels, can become an obstacle to the radio beam. At first they thought of installing the guns in pairs on the sides of the turret, with the antenna and optical sight in front. However, spaced artillery systems would increase the moment of inertia of the rotating turret, and if one failed, asymmetric loads on the drives would arise. In addition, the antenna mirror would block the gunner's observation of the front hemisphere. Therefore, a place was allocated for the trunks in the center of the installation, and the antenna was placed in front and to the side of them. However, when fired at the firing range, the muzzle wave destroyed it.

IN final version the antenna was mounted at the stern, on a high bracket (in the stowed position, its mirror was placed above the roof of the power compartment), and the barrels were mounted in front, in two tiers, between which boxes with ammunition were placed.

The manufactured turrets were tested on running mock-ups made on the basis of the SU-85, which was supposed to be used as a chassis for the future vehicle, removing the standard gun and reducing the armor. We managed to save 4 tons, and the weight of the fully equipped tower exceeded 8 tons! The PT-76 was more suitable, but a major modification of the hull was required to install a heavy and complex shoulder strap with a diameter of 2700 mm under the turret. It would be better to create a special building. This is what they did - the turret was supported by a T-54 chase, lowered below the upper edge of the sides and resting on a light box frame, which provided strength to the thin-armored hull. Its lower cylindrical part is successfully located in the fender niches.

The overall layout was classic - the control compartment is in front, the combat compartment is behind it, and the engine and transmission compartment is in the stern. To increase the specific power of the forced V-6R engine, an ejection cooling system was used. It consumed only 2.2-2.5% of its power (versus 10-12% for a fan). The air intake for the engine was equipped with a labyrinthine system of partitions, where large dust particles were stuck, then the air passed through a tunnel along the side and entered the main filter with ejection suction of the remaining dust by exhaust gases. The torque from the engine was transmitted to the drive wheels through the guitar, the main clutch, a five-speed gearbox with synchronizers, planetary turning mechanisms and final drives. The chassis with six single-row road wheels on board was borrowed from the PT-76; smooth movement was ensured by a torsion bar suspension with large strokes and powerful shock absorbers on the first, fifth left and sixth right nodes. The service life of the tracks was increased by sealing the ends of the hinges with rubber bushings so that abrasive particles would not fall on the rubbing parts. The fuel supply was in internal tanks: one in the power compartment, the other to the right of the driver.

When marching along a good road, the power supply station was powered by the main engine; on heavy soils and a stationary position, the gas turbine DT-4 with a power of 80 hp was automatically switched on. s., which, although it absorbed a lot of fuel, gave a load a minute after switching on. Mobility and maneuverability equal to that of tanks allowed the combat vehicle to cover troops on the march - effective fire was carried out thanks to a system for stabilizing the line of fire and sighting.

Options:

• ZSU-23-4M4
• ZSU-23-4R Rosomaha - Polish modernization version
• "Donets" - Ukrainian version of modernization

The radar complex provided automatic search, detection and destruction of air targets at altitudes of 100-1500 m. When operating in combined mode, when the range is set by the locator and the angular coordinates by the optical sight, shooting is carried out at aircraft flying at ultra-low altitudes. If they interfere or launch missiles that are homing based on radar radiation, the station is turned off and the gunner takes aim using the sighting device.

After extensive testing, the ZSU-23-4 Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft gun was put into service. During the production process it was modernized several times. In particular, the air supply system of the radio instrument complex has undergone significant changes. Since cooling (and therefore reliable operation) required a constant supply of highly clean air, an air intake with an effective cleaning system was installed in the front part of the case. At the same time, we increased the ventilation performance of the fighting compartment.

The possibility of replacing the quad 23-mm installation with a 30-mm gear cannon with a rotating block of barrels was considered, which would dramatically increase the density of fire. However, this artillery system, created for the fleet, turned out to be too finicky for land conditions.

In addition, comparative tests of various anti-aircraft guns have shown that even with standard weapons, the Shilka is not inferior to a battery of four 57-mm cannons of the S-60 complex, which includes 12 units of military equipment with a crew of 57 soldiers and officers.

Characteristics:

• Combat weight, t: 21
• Layout scheme: classic
• Crew, people: 4
• Years of production 1964-1982
• Years of operation: since 1965
• Number issued, pcs.: about 6500
• Case length, mm: 6495
• Case width, mm: 3075
• Height, mm: 2644-3764
• Base, mm: 3828
• Track, mm: 2500
• Ground clearance, mm: 400
• Armor type: rolled steel bulletproof (9-15 mm)
• Gun caliber and brand: 4 × 23 mm AZP-23 “Amur”
• Gun type: rifled small-caliber automatic guns
• Barrel length, calibers: 82
• Gun ammunition: 2000
• HV angles, degrees: −4...+85°
• GN angles, degrees: 360°
• Firing range, km: 0.2-2.5
• Sights: optical sight, RPK-2 radar
• Engine type: V-6R
• Engine power, l. p.: 280
• Highway speed, km/h: 50
• Speed ​​over rough terrain, km/h: up to 30
• Cruising range on the highway, km: 450
• Cruising range over rough terrain, km: 300
• Specific power, l. s./t: 14.7
• Suspension type: individual torsion bar
• Climbability, degrees: 30°
• Wall to be overcome, m: 0.7
• Ditch to be overcome, m: 2.5
• Fordability, m: 1.0

The 23-4 Shilka anti-aircraft self-propelled gun was developed in the 1960s to replace the 57 mm ZSU-57-2. Although the 23-mm ZSU 23-4 cannon has a shorter firing range compared to it, it is much more effective thanks to the radar fire control system and high rate of fire. After entering service with the Soviet Army, the Shilka was delivered to all countries that received Soviet weapons: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Egypt, Ethiopia, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mozambique , Nigeria, North Korea, North Yemen, Peru, Poland, Romania, Somalia, South Yemen, Syria, Vietnam and Yugoslavia. The 23-4 anti-aircraft self-propelled gun proved itself very well during combat operations in Vietnam and also proved its highest effectiveness during the 1973 war in the Middle East. During this war soviet missiles
The SA-6 forced Israeli pilots to fly at low altitudes, where they encountered fire from the ZSU-23-4 and SA 7 man-portable anti-aircraft guns. In the Soviet Army, the ZSU 23-4, known as the "Shilka", was in service in 16 combat units. machines per division, installations usually operated in pairs. The chassis of the 23-4 anti-aircraft self-propelled gun is very similar to the chassis of the SA-6 Gainful SAM missile launchers; it also uses some components and assemblies of a floating light tank PT-76 The body of the installation is completely welded, the armor thickness is 10 and 15 mm in the frontal part, which provides only bulletproof and anti-fragmentation protection. The driver's position is located in front on the left, the turret is located in the center of the hull, the engine and transmission are located at the rear. The suspension is torsion bar type and consists of 6 rubber-coated road rollers. A gas turbine mounted at the rear of the hull powers the turret and other installation systems when the engine is switched off. The gun and turret can be controlled manually. The gunner-operator can select the firing mode in bursts of 3/5, 5/10 or 50 rounds per minute, the installation is capable of effective fire at air and ground targets at a range of up to 2500 m. Each gun carries 500 rounds of ammunition. When firing, two main types of ammunition are used - armor-piercing incendiary tracer and high-explosive incendiary tracer. The ZSU 23-4 fire control system includes a radar mounted on the rear of the turret, sights and a fire control system computer. The installation can hit targets on the move, but for greater stability of fire it is advisable to fire from a place.

ZSU-23-4 “Shilka” is a true legend among self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (ZSU), and its long military life deserves exceptional respect. This ZSU is an example of a rational attitude towards military equipment that has already been taken out of production, but is still able to perform the tasks assigned to it.

Despite the fact that serial production of the ZSU-23-4 “Shilka”, named after the river, the left tributary of the Amur, was discontinued back in 1982, modernizations of this installation continue to appear today not only in Russia, but also in other countries - Poland, Ukraine, and the ZSU itself is still in service with the Russian ground forces.

ZSU-23-4 “Shilka” (GRAU index 2A6) is a Soviet self-propelled anti-aircraft gun designed for direct cover of ground forces, destruction of various low-flying air targets (helicopters, airplanes, UAVs, cruise missiles), as well as ground (surface) targets such as fire from a standing position, as well as when shooting from short stops or on the move. The development of the complex was carried out by the famous Instrument Design Bureau from the city of Tula, and the production of UMZ was carried out by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, which today is part of the Almaz-Antey VKO Concern. The company is currently modernizing the ZSU-23-4 Shilka. In the Soviet Union, this ZSU was part of the regimental-level air defense units of the ground forces. Serial production of the installation, which was armed with a quad automatic 23-mm cannon with a rate of fire of 3,400 rounds per minute, began in 1964 and continued until 1982. In total, about 6.5 thousand SPAAGs of this type were assembled during this time.

Almost none of the military conflicts of the second half of the 20th century could have happened without the use of this combat vehicle. "Shilka" took part in battles in Vietnam, where it was quite a serious threat to American pilots. Actively used in the Arab-Israeli wars, civil war in Angola, in the Libyan-Egyptian conflict, the Iran-Iraq and Ethiopian-Somali wars, in hostilities in the Balkans and in the Persian Gulf. The USSR widely used ZSU data during the war in Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, “Shilkas” were used not as air defense systems, but as infantry support combat vehicles, bringing real terror to the spooks. For the colossal combat power of four twin automatic cannons with an enormous rate of fire, the Afghan Mujahideen nicknamed “Shilka” - “shaitan-arba” - the devil’s cart. In the absence of a real threat from the air, the installation was used to fire at various ground targets, including lightly armored ones; at a distance of up to 2-2.5 km, it could easily suppress any enemy fortifications with fire.

ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"

At the same time, “Shilka” remains in demand in the 21st century. This ZSU is actively used in the military conflict in Syria. Here it is also used as a fire support vehicle, which covers the actions of attacking infantry units and tanks. With dense fire from rapid-fire cannons, the installation destroys enemy machine gunners, snipers and grenade launchers. This installation is especially effective when conducting combat operations in dense urban areas. The elevation angle of automatic 23-mm guns is 85 degrees, which makes it easy to suppress militant positions located even on the upper floors of buildings. According to military experts, not a single large-scale army operation has recently been carried out in Syria without the participation of the ZSU-23-4.

The quadruple automatic 23-mm cannon, with its high rate of fire and high initial projectile speed, is capable of creating a real “sea” of fire. Therefore, even a tank that comes under its fire can be taken out of battle, losing almost all attachments and surveillance devices. Although the modern anti-aircraft missile and missile and gun air defense systems at the disposal of the Russian Ground Forces are superior to the Shilka in their parameters and characteristics, the main advantage of the ZSU remains the possibility of its use on the front line in direct contact with enemy troops. The presence of anti-fragmentation and bulletproof armor helps.

Until now, the ZSU-23-4 installation is in service with dozens of countries around the world, being an inexpensive, but at the same time universal means for solving various combat missions. At the same time, the appearance on the scene of new means of air attack and the increasing pace of modern combat made the process of modernizing the installation necessary. The number of Shiloks used in different armies around the world still numbers in the hundreds. Moreover, despite their already quite honorable age, there is often no alternative to them. Especially taking into account the fact that not every state can afford to purchase new self-propelled guns. Under these conditions, the task of modernizing a veteran machine only becomes more urgent.

ZSU-23-4M4 "Shilka-M4"

Specialists and military experts believe that one of the best options modernization and “modernization” of this combat vehicle is the Russian version of the ZSU-23-4M4 “Shilka-M4”. This option for upgrading the installation was repeatedly demonstrated at exhibitions both in Nizhny Tagil and in the Patriot Park near Moscow. The firing and driving capabilities of the Shilka-M4 self-propelled gun were also demonstrated within the framework of the International Military-Technical Forum "Army-2018" at the Alabino training ground. According to the developers, the capabilities of the modernized Shilka for air defense of ground forces units in all types of combat operations and air defense of stationary objects have increased significantly.

ZSU-23-4M4 is a modernized version of the installation with a new radar FCS (fire control system) and the ability to install the Strelets air defense system. The update of the control system is accompanied by the replacement of the existing radar with a newly created station of the same frequency range on a solid-state element base with an improved set of characteristics. The Strelets air defense system is designed to provide automated remote single, sequential launch of Igla-type missile defense systems from a variety of land-, sea- or air-based carriers. When two or more Strelets combat modules are installed on a carrier, it becomes possible to carry out salvo launches of two missiles at one target, which significantly increases the chances of hitting it. The placement of this complex actually turns the Shilka into a real anti-aircraft missile and gun installation.

Also included in the battery of the complex was a PPRU - a mobile reconnaissance and control point "Assembly M1" as command post(KP) and a telecode communication channel for the exchange of information between the KP and the ZSU. On board the modernized machine, the analogue computing device was replaced with a modern digital computing system (DCS), and a digital tracking system was installed. The modernization also affected the tracked chassis. The modernization of the chassis is aimed at improving the maneuverability and controllability of the self-propelled unit, as well as reducing the labor intensity of its operation and maintenance. The radio station and the active night vision device are also changing, replaced by a passive one. The modernized version is also equipped with an automated monitoring system for the performance of radio-electronic equipment and an air conditioner, which improves the working conditions of the crew, which is especially necessary in operating conditions in hot climates. The number of self-propelled gun crew remained unchanged - 4 people.

ZSU-23-4M4 "Shilka-M4"

Having received new hardware and equipment as part of the modernization, the Shilka-M4 retained its main and proven weapon over the years - a quadruple 23-mm 2A7M automatic cannon, which can be easily aimed in any direction in azimuth with declination/elevation angles from -4 to + 85 degrees. Effective firing from this artillery mount is possible at a distance of up to 2-2.5 kilometers with an initial projectile speed of 950-970 m/s. The height reach of the installation is 1.5 kilometers. This artillery installation can be effectively used to fire at flying targets moving at speeds up to 500 m/s. At the same time, when using anti-aircraft guided missiles “Igla” of the “Strelets” air defense system (the combat vehicle has 4 such missiles), the range of hitting targets increases to 5 kilometers, the height – to 3.5 kilometers.

The standard ammunition load of the Shilka-M4 self-propelled gun consists of 2000 23-mm rounds and 4 Igla missiles. When acting in unified system Air defense maximum detection range of air targets can reach 34 kilometers. Maximum range target tracking range by radio channel is 10 kilometers, the minimum is 200 meters. The minimum altitude for tracking air targets by radio channel is 20 meters. The consumption of shells per shot down air target is estimated at 300-600 rounds. The probability of hitting an air target in one flight using 300 rounds is estimated at 0.5.

Unlike its predecessors, the Shilka-M4 modification is able to operate in difficult jamming conditions, and also effectively detect air targets flying at low altitudes. The automation of the updated anti-aircraft complex independently makes adjustments for wear of gun barrels and meteorological conditions, and also takes into account other factors affecting the flight path of projectiles and, as a result, shooting accuracy. Simultaneously with the Shilka-M4 modernization option, there is also a ZSU-23-4M5 upgrade option, which is distinguished by the presence of an optical-location channel as part of the control system, capable of guaranteeing the combat operation of the ZSU in conditions of strong interference that interfere with the operation of its radar. The Shilka-M5 modernization project also proposed to equip combat vehicle laser rangefinder and an additional television sight. The modernization of the legendary Shilka self-propelled gun system currently underway provides the complex with a second life and the ability to remain in service Russian army and armies of other countries for a long period of time.

ZSU-23-4M4 "Shilka-M4"

At the end of the 50s. After the Soviet Army adopted high-precision anti-aircraft missiles, foreign aviation specialists urgently had to develop new tactics. Pilots were asked to fly at extremely low altitudes to avoid detection by new air defense systems. During this period, the standard system air defense troops was the ZSU-57-2, but it could not cope with the new task, so it was urgently necessary to develop a more modern self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. Such a car appeared in 1964. It was.

ZSU-23-4 Shilka is designed for direct cover of ground forces, destruction of air targets at ranges up to 2500 meters and altitudes up to 1500 meters, flying at speeds up to 450 m/s, as well as ground (surface) targets at ranges up to 2000 meters from a standstill , from a short stop and on the move.

The welded body of the TM-575 tracked vehicle is divided into three control compartments in the bow, a combat compartment in the middle and a power compartment in the stern. Between them there were partitions that served as the front and rear supports of the tower. The tower is a welded structure with a ring diameter of 1840 mm. It is attached to the frame by the front frontal plates, on the left and right walls of which the upper and lower gun cradles are attached. When the swinging part of the gun is given an elevation angle, the embrasure of the frame is partially covered by a movable shield, the roller of which slides along the guide of the lower cradle.

On the right side plate there are three hatches, one, with a bolted cover, is used for mounting turret equipment, the other two are closed with a visor and are air inlets for ventilation of units and superchargers of the PAZ system. A casing is welded to the outside of the left side of the turret, designed to remove steam from the gun barrel cooling system. There are two hatches in the rear turret for servicing equipment.

The turret is equipped with a 23-mm quad gun AZP-23 "Amur" with a rate of fire of 11 rounds per second each. It, together with the turret, was assigned the index 2A10, the gun's submachine guns - 2A7, and the power drives - 2E2. The automatic operation of the gun is based on the removal of powder gases through a side hole in the barrel wall. The barrel consists of a pipe, cooling system casings, a gas chamber and a flame arrester. The valve is wedge, with the wedge lowering down. The length of the machine gun with a flame arrester is 2610 mm, the length of the barrel with a flame arrester is 2050 mm (without a flame arrester - 1880 mm). The length of the threaded part is 1730 mm. The weight of one machine gun is 85 kg, the weight of the entire artillery unit is 4964 kg. It can fire with all four guns, or with a pair or any of the four. The gun barrels and the antenna of the radar-instrument complex are completely stabilized, thanks to which the installation can fire effectively while moving.

The cartridges are fed from the side, chambering is direct, directly from the link with the cartridge skewed. Right-hand machines have right-hand tape feed, left-hand ones - left-hand feed. The tape is fed into the receiving windows of the machines from the cartridge box. For this purpose, the energy of powder gases is used, driving the feed mechanism through the bolt frame, and partly the recoil energy of the machine guns. The gun is equipped with two boxes of 1000 rounds of ammunition (of which the upper machine gun has 480, and the lower machine has 520 rounds) and a pneumatic reloading system for cocking the moving parts of the machine guns in preparation for firing and reloading in case of misfires.

Two machines are mounted on each cradle. Two cradles (upper and lower) are mounted on the frame, one above the other, at a distance of 320 mm from each other in a horizontal position, the lower one is extended forward in relation to the upper one by 320 mm. The parallelism of the trunks is ensured by a parallelogram rod connecting both cradles.

The gun's ammunition includes 23-mm BZT and OFZT shells. Armor-piercing BZT shells weighing 190 g do not have a fuse or explosive, but only contain an incendiary substance for tracing. OFZT fragmentation shells weighing 188.5 g have an MG-25 head fuse. The propellant charge for both projectiles is the same - 77 g of 5/7 TsFP grade gunpowder. Cartridge weight 450 g. Steel sleeve, disposable. The ballistic data of both projectiles are the same - initial speed 980 m/s, table ceiling 1500 m, table range 2000 m. OFZT projectiles are equipped with self-liquidating devices with an action time of 5-11 s, the machine is fed by a belt, for 50 rounds. The tape alternates four OFZT cartridges - one BZT cartridge, etc.

Guidance and stabilization of the AZP-23 gun is carried out by 2E2 power guidance drives. The 2E2 system used a URS (Jenny coupling) for horizontal guidance - URS No. 5, and for vertical guidance - URS No. 2.5. Both operate from a common DSO-20 electric motor with a power of 6 kW.

Depending on external conditions and the state of the equipment, firing at anti-aircraft targets is carried out in four modes. The first (main) mode is the auto-tracking mode, angular coordinates and range are determined by the radar, which automatically tracks the target along them, providing data to the computing device (analog computer) for generating pre-emptive coordinates. Fire is opened upon the “Data available” signal on the counting device. The RPK automatically generates full pointing angles, taking into account the pitching and yaw of the self-propelled gun and sends them to the guidance drives, and the latter automatically point the gun at the lead point. Firing is carried out by the commander or search operator - gunner.

The second mode - angular coordinates come from the sighting device, and the range - from the radar. The angular current coordinates of the target enter the calculating device from the sighting device, which is aimed automatically by the search operator - the gunner, and the range values ​​come from the radar. Thus, the radar operates in radio range finder mode. This mode is auxiliary and is used in the presence of interference that causes malfunctions in the operation of the antenna guidance system along angular coordinates, or, in the event of a malfunction in the auto-tracking channel, along the angular coordinates of the radar. Otherwise, the complex works the same as in auto tracking mode.

The third mode - proactive coordinates are generated based on the “remembered” values ​​of the current coordinates X, Y. H and the components of the target’s velocity, based on the hypothesis of uniform rectilinear motion of the target in any plane. The mode is used when there is a threat of losing a radar target during automatic tracking due to interference or malfunctions.

The fourth mode is shooting using a backup sight, aiming is carried out in semi-automatic mode. The lead is introduced by the search operator - the gunner along the angle rings of the backup sight. This mode is used when the radar, computer and stabilization systems fail.

The radar-instrument complex is designed to control the fire of the AZP-23 cannon and is located in the instrument compartment of the tower. It consists of a radar station, a computing device, blocks and elements of stabilization systems for the line of sight and line of fire, and a sighting device. The radar station is designed to detect low-flying high-speed targets and accurately determine the coordinates of the selected target, which can be done in two modes: a) angular coordinates and range are tracked automatically, b) angular coordinates come from the sighting device, and range - from the radar.

The radar operates in the 1-1.5 cm wavelength range. The choice of range is due to a number of reasons. Such stations have antennas with small weight and dimensions. Radars in the 1-1.5 cm wavelength range are less susceptible to deliberate enemy interference, since the ability to operate in a wide frequency band allows, by using broadband frequency modulation and signal coding, to increase noise immunity and the processing speed of received information. By increasing the Doppler frequency shifts of reflected signals arising from moving and maneuvering targets, their recognition and classification is ensured. In addition, this range is less loaded with other radio equipment. Radars operating in this range make it possible to detect air targets developed using stealth technology. According to foreign press information, during Operation Desert Storm, an Iraqi ZSU-23-4 Shilka shot down an American F-117A aircraft built using this technology.

The disadvantage of radar is its relatively short range, usually not exceeding 10-20 km and depending on the state of the atmosphere, primarily on the intensity of precipitation - rain or sleet. To protect against passive interference, the ZSU-23-4 Shilka radar uses a coherent-pulse target selection method, i.e., constant signals from terrain objects and passive interference are not taken into account, and signals from moving circuits are sent to the RPK. The radar is controlled by the search operator and the range operator.

The ZSU-23-4 Shilka is equipped with an 8D6 diesel engine, which was given the designation B-6R by the manufacturer for installation on the GM-575. On machines manufactured since 1969, the V-6R-1 engine was installed, which had minor design changes. The V-6R engine is a six-cylinder, four-stroke, compressorless, liquid-cooled diesel engine that develops a maximum power of 206 kW at 2000 rpm. The working volume of the cylinders is 19.1 liters, the compression ratio is 15.0.

The GM-575 tracked chassis is equipped with two welded aluminum alloy fuel tanks: a front one with a capacity of 405 liters and a rear one with a capacity of 110 liters. The first is located in a separate compartment of the bow of the hull.

In the rear part of the hull there is a mechanical power transmission, with a stepwise change in gear ratios. The main clutch is multi-disc, dry friction. The main clutch control drive is mechanical, from the pedal at the driver's seat. The gearbox is a mechanical three-way, five-speed, with synchronizers in 2.3 4th and 5th gears. The rotation mechanisms are planetary, two-stage, with locking clutches. Final drives are single-stage with spur gears.

The chassis of the machine consists of two drive wheels, two guide wheels with a track tensioning mechanism, two track chains and twelve support wheels. The drive wheels are welded, with removable rims, rear-mounted. Single guide wheels with metal arches. The support rollers are welded, single, with rubberized rims. The caterpillar chain is metal, with lantern engagement, with closed hinges, made of 93 steel tracks connected to each other by steel pins. Track width 362 mm, track pitch 128 mm.

The vehicle's suspension is independent, asymmetrical torsion bar, with hydraulic shock absorbers on the first front, fifth left and sixth right road wheels; spring stops on the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth left track rollers and the first, third, fourth and sixth right track rollers.

The power supply system is designed to power all ZSU-23-4 consumers with direct current voltages of 55 V and 27.5 V. and alternating current voltage 220 V, frequency 400 Hz.

The ZSU-23-4 Shilka is equipped with a short-wave frequency-modulated telephone transceiver radio station R-123. Its range of action in moderately rough terrain with the noise suppressor turned off and no interference is up to 23 km, and with the noise suppressor turned on - up to 13 km. For internal communications, a tank intercom P-124 for 4 subscribers is used.

ZSU-23-4 Shilka is equipped with TNA-2 navigation equipment. Its arithmetic mean error in generating coordinates as a percentage of the distance traveled is no more than 1%. When the ZSU is moving, the operating time of the equipment without reorientation is 3-3.5 hours.

The crew is protected from radioactive dust by cleaning the air and creating excess pressure in the fighting compartment and control compartment. For this purpose, a central supercharger with inertial air segmentation is used.

Shilka went into serial production of the ZSU-23-4 in 1964. That year it was planned to produce 40 vehicles, but this was not possible. However, mass production of the ZSU-23-4 was later launched. During the 60s, their average annual production was about 300 cars.

ZSU-23-4 Shilka began to enter service with the troops in 1965 and by the beginning of the 70s they completely replaced the ZSU-57-2. Initially, the statewide tank regiment had a “Shilok” division, which consisted of two batteries of four vehicles each. At the end of the 60s, it often happened that in a division one battery had a ZSU-23-4 and one battery had a ZSU-57-2. Later, motorized rifle and tank regiments received a standard anti-aircraft battery, consisting of two platoons. One platoon had four Shilka self-propelled air defense systems, and the other had four Strela-1 self-propelled air defense systems (later Strela-10 air defense systems).

Operation of the ZSU-23-4 Shilka showed that the RPK-2 works well under conditions of passive interference. We practically did not actively interfere with the Shilka during our exercises, since there were no radio countermeasures at its operating frequencies, at least in the 70s. Significant shortcomings of the PKK were also revealed, which often needed reconfiguration. Instability of the electrical parameters of the circuits was noted. The RPK could take the target for auto tracking no closer than 7-8 km from the ZSU. At shorter distances this was difficult to do due to the high angular velocity of the target. When switching from detection mode to auto-tracking mode, the target was sometimes lost.

In the second half of the 60s, the ZSU-23-4 self-propelled gun underwent two small modernizations, the main purpose of which was to increase the reliability of various components and assemblies, primarily the RPK. The vehicles of the first modernization received the index ZSU-23-4V, and the second - ZSU-23-4V1. The main tactical and technical characteristics of self-propelled guns remained unchanged.

In October 1967, a resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued on a more serious modernization of the ZSU-23-4 Shilka. Its most important part was the redesign of the 2A7 assault rifles and the 2A10 gun in order to increase the reliability and stability of the complex, increase the survivability of gun parts and reduce maintenance time. During the modernization process, the pneumatic charging of the 2A7 assault rifles was replaced by pyrocharging, which made it possible to exclude an unreliably operating compressor and a number of other components from the design. The welded coolant drain pipe was replaced with a flexible pipeline - this increased the barrel life from 3500 to 4500 shots. In 1973, the modernized ZSU-23-4M was accepted for service along with the 2A7M assault rifle and the 2A10M cannon. ZSU-23-4M received the designation "Biryusa", but in the army units it was still called "Shilka".

After the next modernization, the anti-aircraft self-propelled gun will receive the index ZSU-23-4M3 (3 - interrogator). For the first time, “friend or foe” identification equipment was installed on it. Later, during repairs, all ZSU-23-4M were brought to the level of ZSU-23-4M3. Production of the ZSU-23-4M3 ceased in 1982.

There are different points of view on the effectiveness of the Shilka in the fight against air targets. Thus, during the 1973 war, Shilki accounted for about 10% of all Israeli aircraft losses (the rest were distributed between air defense systems and fighter aircraft). However, the pilots taken prisoner showed that the Shilkas literally created a sea of ​​fire and the pilots instinctively left the ZSU fire zone and fell into the range of the air defense missile system. During Operation Desert Storm, pilots of the multinational forces tried not to operate unnecessarily at altitudes below 1300 m, fearing the fire of the ZSU-23-4 Shilka.

In Afghanistan, this ZSU fully realized the ability to fire at ground targets in the mountains. Moreover, a special “Afghan version” appeared - the radio instrument complex on it was dismantled as unnecessary, due to which it was possible to increase the ammunition load from 2000 to 4000 rounds. A night sight was also installed on the vehicle.

"Shilkas" were widely exported to the Warsaw Pact countries, the Middle East and other regions. They took an active part in the Arab-Israeli wars, the Iraqi-Iranian war (on both sides), and the Gulf War in 1991.

Serial production of "Shilok" was completed in 1983. Currently, self-propelled guns of this type are in service in Afghanistan. Algeria, Angola. Bulgaria. Hungary, Vietnam, Egypt, Israel, India, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Congo, North Korea. Cuba, Laos, Libya, Nigeria, Peru, Poland. Russia, Syria, Somalia and Ethiopia.

Combat weight, t 19.0
Classic layout diagram
Crew, people 4
Case length, mm 6535
Case width, mm 3125
Height, mm 2500
Ground clearance, mm 400
Armor type rolled steel bulletproof (9-15mm)
Armament
Caliber and brand of gun 4? 23-mm AZP-23 "Amur"
Gun type rifled automatic
Barrel length, caliber 82
Gun ammunition 2000
Angles VN, degrees. ?4…+85
Optical sights, RPK-2 radar
Engine type in-line
6-cylinder diesel liquid cooled
Engine power, l. With. 280
Highway speed, km/h 50
Speed ​​over rough terrain, km/h 25-30
Cruising range on the highway, km 450
Cruising range over rough terrain, km 300
Specific power, l. s./t 14.7
Suspension type: individual torsion bar
Climbability, degrees. thirty
Wall to be overcome, m 0.7
Ditch to be overcome, m 2.5
Fordability, m 1.0