The creation of laser pulse rangefinders was one of the first applications of lasers in military technology. Measuring the range to a target is a typical task of artillery shooting, which has long been solved by optical means, but with insufficient accuracy, requiring bulky instruments and highly qualified and trained personnel. Radar made it possible to measure the range to targets by measuring the delay time of a radio pulse reflected from the target. The principle of operation of quantum rangefinders is based on measuring the travel time of a light signal to a target and back and is as follows: a powerful short-duration radiation pulse generated by the optical quantum generator (OQG) of the rangefinder is formed by the optical system and is directed to the target, the range to which needs to be measured. The radiation pulse reflected from the target, passing through the optical system, enters the rangefinder photodetector. The moment of emission of the probe and the moments of arrival of the reflected signals are recorded by the triggering unit (BZ) and the photoreceiving device (PDU), which generate electrical signals to start and stop the time interval meter (TIM). The IVI measures the time interval between the leading edges of the emitted and reflected pulses. The range to the target is proportional to this interval and is determined by the formula, where is the range to the target, m; - speed of light in the atmosphere, m/s; - measured time interval, s.

The measurement result in meters is displayed on a digital indicator in the field of view of the left eyepiece of the rangefinder. To create an optical analogue of a radar, all that was needed was a powerful pulsed light source with good beam directionality. The Q-switched solid-state laser has provided an excellent solution to this problem. The first Soviet laser rangefinders were developed in the mid-60s by defense industry enterprises that had extensive experience in creating optical devices. The Polyus Research Institute was just being formed at that time. The institute's first work in this direction was the development of a 5.5 x 75 ruby ​​element for a laser rangefinder created by TsNIIAG. The development was successfully completed in 1970 with the creation of such an element with customer acceptance. The department of the institute, headed by V.M. Krivtsun, during the same years he developed ruby ​​lasers for space trajectory measurements and optical location of the Moon. A large amount of groundwork has been accumulated in the creation of solid-state lasers for field use and their coupling with customer equipment. Using our laser, the Research Institute of Space Instrumentation (Director - L.I. Gusev, Chief Designer of the complex - V.D. Shargorodsky) carried out a successful optical location of Lunokhods delivered by the Soviets in 1972 - 73 spaceships to the surface of the Moon. At the same time, the location of the Lunokhods on the Moon was determined by scanning a laser beam. In the 70s, this work was continued by the development of a location laser on a neodymium grenade (Candela, Chief Designer G.M. Zverev, leading performers M.B. Zhitkova, V.V. Shulzhenko, V.P. Myznikov). Previously intended for use in aviation, this laser was successfully used to equip and operate for many years a wide network of laser stations for satellite trajectory measurements at Maidanak in the Pamirs, the Far East, Crimea and Kazakhstan. Currently, these stations are already operating the 3rd generation of lasers developed at the Polyus Research Institute (I.V. Vasilyev, S.V. Zinoviev, etc.). The experience of developing lasers for military use made it possible to begin developing laser rangefinders directly at Polyus. The initiative to develop rangefinders at the institute, shown by G.M. Zverev, who in 1970 headed the complex department of the institute for the development of active and nonlinear elements, solid-state lasers and devices based on them, was actively supported by director M.F. Stelmakh and the industry leadership.

In the early 70s, the institute was the only one in the country that owned the technology for growing single crystals and electro-optical gates, which made it possible to create devices with significantly less weight and dimensions. Thus, the typical pump energy of a ruby ​​laser for a rangefinder was 200 J, and for a garnet laser only 10 J. The duration of the laser pulse was also reduced several times, which increased the accuracy of measurements. The first development of the device began in the late 60s under the leadership of V.M. Krivtsuna. As a layout idea, he chose a scheme with one lens, using an electro-optical element as a switch of input and output channels. This circuit was similar to a radar circuit with an antenna switch. A laser based on a YAG:Nd crystal was chosen, which made it possible to obtain sufficient output energy of IR radiation (20 mJ). V.M. Krivtsun was unable to complete the development of the device; he became seriously ill and died in 1971. A.G. had to complete the development. Ershov, who previously developed tunable lasers for scientific research. The optical design had to be changed to a classic one with separate lenses for the transmitter and receiver, since in the combined design it was not possible to cope with the illumination of the photodetector by the powerful pulse of the transmitter. Successful full-scale tests of the first R&D sample of the Contrast-2 device took place in June 1971. The customer for the R&D work on the country’s first laser rangefinder was the Military Topographical Directorate. The development was completed in a very short term. Already in 1974, the quantum topographic range finder KTD-1 (Fig. 1.2.1) was accepted for supply and transferred into mass production at the Tantal plant in Saratov.

Rice. 1.2.1

During this development, the talent of Chief Designer A.G. was fully revealed. Ershov, who managed to correctly select the main technical solutions of the device, organize the development of its blocks and assemblies, and new functional elements by related departments. The device had a range of up to 20 km with an error of less than 1.7 m. The KTD-1 rangefinder was mass-produced for many years in Saratov, as well as at the VTU plant in Moscow. For the period 1974 - 1980. More than 1,000 such devices were received by the troops. They have been successfully used in solving many problems of military and civil topography. The institute would have developed a whole bunch of new elements for laser rangefinders. In the materials science departments under the leadership of V.M. Garmash and V.P. Klyuev, high-quality active elements were created from yttrium aluminum garnet and yttrium aluminate with neodymium. N.B. Angert, V.A. Pashkov and A.M. Onishchenko created electro-optical gates made of lithium niobate that have no analogues in the world. In the unit P.A. Tsetlin created passive dye-based gates. On this element base E.M. Shvom and N.S. Ustimenko developed small-sized laser emitters ILTI-201 and IZ-60 for small-sized rangefinders. At the same time, promising photodetector devices based on a germanium avalanche photodiode were developed in the department of A.V. Ievsky V.A. Afanasyev and M.M. Zemlyanov. The first small-sized (in the form of binoculars) laser rangefinder LDI-3 (Fig. 1.2.2) was tested at the test site in 1977, and in 1980. State tests were successfully carried out.

Rice. 1.2.2

The device was commercialized at the Ulyanovsk Radio Tube Plant. In 1982, State comparative tests of the LDI-3 device and the 1D13 device, developed by the Kazan Optical-Mechanical Plants by order of the Moscow Region, were carried out. For a number of reasons, the commission tried to give preference to the KOMZ device, but the impeccable performance of the rangefinder of the Polyus Research Institute during testing led to the fact that both devices were recommended for acceptance for supply and mass production: 1D13 for the ground forces and LDI-3 for the Navy. In just 10 years, several thousand LDI-3 devices and its further modification LDI-3-1 were put into production. At the end of the 80s, A.G. Ershov developed latest version rangefinder binoculars LDI-3-1M with a mass of less than 1.3 kg. It turned out to be the last work of the talented Chief Designer, who passed away early in 1989.

The development line for VTU, begun by KTD-1, was continued with new devices. As a result of the creative collaboration of the Polyus Research Institute and the 29th Research Institute of Military-Technical Cooperation, a rangefinder was created - the DGT-1 (Captain) gyrotheodolite, which measures distances to objects on the ground with an error of less than 1 m and angular coordinates - more precisely 20 arcsec. In 1986, the KTD-2-2 laser rangefinder was developed and accepted for supply - an attachment to a theodolite (Fig. 1.2.3).

Rice. 1.2.3

In the 1970s, fundamentally new quantum rangefinders (DAK-1, DAK-2, 1D5, etc.) entered service. They allowed in a short time determine the coordinates of objects (targets) and shell explosions with high accuracy. To be convinced of the superiority of their characteristics, it is enough to compare the median errors in range measurement: DS-1 - 1.5 percent. (with an observation range of up to 3 km), DAK - 10 m (regardless of the range). The use of rangefinders has significantly reduced the time of target detection, increased the likelihood of their opening day and night, and thereby increased the effectiveness of artillery fire. Artillery quantum rangefinders are one of the main means of reconnaissance in artillery units. In addition to the main purpose - measuring ranges, quantum rangefinders make it possible to solve the problems of conducting visual reconnaissance of the area and the enemy, adjusting fire, measuring horizontal and vertical angles, and topogeodesically referencing elements of battle formations of artillery units. In addition, the 1D15 laser rangefinder-target designator makes it possible to illuminate targets with laser radiation with semi-active guidance when performing fire missions with high-precision ammunition with homing heads. Currently, the following types of quantum rangefinders are in service: rangefinder of command and reconnaissance vehicles DKMR-1 (index 1D8) , artillery quantum rangefinder DAK-2 (1D11) and its modifications DAK-2M-1 (1D11M-1) and DAK-2M-2 (1D11M-2), laser reconnaissance device LPR-1 (1D13), rangefinder-target designator 1D15.

In accordance with plans to further increase the power of the armed forces of capitalist states, the ground forces of these countries, and especially those included in the aggressive bloc, are supplied with weapons and military equipment created on the basis of the latest scientific achievements.

Currently, units of infantry, mechanized and armored divisions of many capitalist countries are equipped with artillery laser rangefinders.

The laser rangefinders of foreign armies use a pulse method for determining the distance to a target, that is, the time interval between the moment of emission of the probing pulse and the moment of receiving the signal reflected from the target is measured. Based on the delay time of the reflected signal relative to the probing pulse, the range is determined, the value of which is digitally projected on a special display or in the field of view of the eyepiece. The angular coordinates of the target are determined using goniometers.

The artillery rangefinder equipment includes the following main parts: transmitter, receiver, range counter, display device, as well as a built-in optical sight for aiming the rangefinder at the target. The equipment is powered from rechargeable batteries.

The transmitter is based on a solid-state laser. The active substances used are ruby, yttrium-aluminum garnet with an admixture of neodymium and neodymium glass. Powerful gas-discharge flash lamps serve as pumping sources. The formation of laser radiation pulses with megawatt power and a duration of several nanoseconds is ensured by modulation (switching) of the quality factor of the optical resonator. The most common mechanical method of Q-switching is using a rotating prism. Handheld rangefinders use electro-optical Q-switching using the Pockels effect.

The rangefinder receiver is a direct gain receiver with a photomultiplier or photodiode type detector. The transmitting optics reduces the divergence of the laser beam, and the receiver optics focuses the reflected laser signal onto the photodetector.

The use of artillery laser rangefinders allows you to solve the following problems:

• determination of target coordinates with automatic transmission of information to the fire control system;
• adjusting fire from a forward observation post by measuring and issuing target coordinates via communication channels at the command post (PU) of artillery units (units);
• conducting reconnaissance of enemy terrain and targets.

One person is enough to carry and operate the rangefinder. It takes a few minutes to deploy and prepare the equipment for operation. The observer, having detected the target, points the rangefinder at it using an optical sight, sets the required range strobe and turns the transmitter into radiation mode. The observer transmits the measured range displayed on the digital display, as well as the azimuth and elevation angle of the target on the goniometer scales to the command post (PU).

Artillery laser rangefinders are being developed and mass-produced in Great Britain, France, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands and other capitalist countries.

In the United States, artillery laser rangefinders AN/GVS-3 and AN/GVS-5 have been developed for the ground forces.

The AN/GVS-3 rangefinder is intended primarily for field artillery forward observers. Within line of sight, it provides measurement of the range and angular coordinates of the target with an accuracy of ±10 m and ±7" respectively. The coordinates of the target at the command post (PU) are issued via communication channels by the observer reading them from the scoreboard (range) and scales on the goniometric platform (azimuth and elevation angle). For combat work, the rangefinder is mounted on a tripod.

The AN/GVS-3 rangefinder transmitter is made on a ruby ​​laser, Q-switching is carried out using a rotating prism. A photomultiplier is used as a detector. The rangefinder equipment is powered by a 24 V rechargeable battery, which is mounted on the tripod bipod in the working position.

The AN/GVS-5 rangefinder is intended for field artillery forward observers (like the AN/GVS-3). In addition, American experts believe that it can be used in the Air Force and Navy. By appearance it resembles field binoculars (Fig. 1). It was reported that, by order of the US Army, Radio Corporation of America would produce 20 sets of such rangefinders for testing. Using the AN/GVS-5 rangefinder, range can be measured with an accuracy of ±10 m within line of sight. The measurement results are displayed using LEDs and displayed in the eyepiece of the rangefinder optical sight as a four-digit number (in meters).

Rice. 1. American rangefinder AN/GVS-5

The rangefinder transmitter is made on the basis of yttrium-aluminum garnet with an admixture of neodymium. The quality factor of the laser optical resonator (its dimensions are comparable to the dimensions of a cigarette filter) is modulated electro-optically using a dye. The receiver detector is an avalanche silicon photodiode. The optical part of the rangefinder consists of a transmitting lens and receiving optics, combined with a sight and a device for protecting the observer’s organs of vision from damage by laser radiation during the measurement process. The rangefinder is powered by a built-in nickel-cadmium battery. The AN/GVS-5 rangefinder will enter service with US troops in the coming years.

Several rangefinder models have been developed in the UK.

The company's rangefinder is intended for use by forward observers of field artillery, as well as target designation of aviation when solving problems of direct support of ground forces. A special feature of this rangefinder is the ability to illuminate a target with a laser beam. The rangefinder can be combined with a night vision device (Fig. 2). The results of measuring angular coordinates when working with a rangefinder depend on the accuracy of the scales of the goniometric platform on which it is installed.

Rice. 2. English rangefinder from Ferranti, combined with a night vision device

The rangefinder transmitter is made on the basis of yttrium-aluminum garnet with an admixture of neodymium. The quality factor of the optical resonator is modulated electro-optically using a Pockels cell. The laser transmitter is water-cooled to ensure operation in target designation mode with a high pulse repetition rate. In the range measurement mode, the pulse repetition rate can be changed depending on operating conditions and requirements for the rate of issuing target coordinates. A photodiode is used as a receiver detector.

The rangefinder equipment allows you to measure the distances of up to three targets located in the range of the laser beam (the distance between them is about 100 m). The measurement results are stored in the rangefinder's memory, and the observer can view them sequentially on a digital display. The rangefinder equipment is powered by a 24 V battery.

The Bar & Stroud rangefinder is portable, intended for forward observers of field artillery, as well as reconnaissance units, in appearance it resembles field binoculars (Fig. 3). To accurately measure angular coordinates, it is mounted on a tripod; it can be interfaced with night vision devices or optical tracking systems for air and ground targets. Receipt into the troops is expected in the coming years.

Rice. 3. English portable rangefinder from Bar and Stroud

The rangefinder transmitter is made on the basis of yttrium-aluminum garnet with an admixture of neodymium. The quality factor of the laser optical cavity is modulated using a Pockels cell. A silicon avalanche photodiode is used as the detector of the receiver. In order to reduce the influence of interference at short ranges, the receiver provides range gating with measurement of the gain of the video amplifier.

The optical part of the rangefinder consists of a monocular trailer (also used to transmit laser radiation) and a receiving lens with a narrow-band filter. The rangefinder provides special protection for the observer's eyes from damage from laser radiation during the measurement process.

The rangefinder operates in two modes - charging and range measurement. After turning on the power of the rangefinder and pointing it at the target, press the transmitter power button. The first press of the button charges the capacitor of the laser pump circuit. After a few seconds, the observer presses the button a second time, turning on the transmitter for radiation, and the rangefinder is switched to range measurement mode. The rangefinder can remain in charging mode for no more than 30 s, after which the capacitor of the pumping circuit is automatically discharged (if it is not switched on to the range measurement mode).

The range to the target is displayed on the digital LED display for 5 s. The rangefinder is powered by a built-in 24 V rechargeable battery, the capacity of which makes it possible to make several hundred range measurements. This laser rangefinder is expected to be available to the troops in the coming years.

A laser artillery rangefinder LAR has been developed in the Netherlands, intended for reconnaissance units and field artillery. In addition, Dutch experts believe that it can be adapted for use in naval and coastal artillery. The rangefinder is manufactured in a portable version (Fig. 4), as well as for installation on reconnaissance vehicles. A characteristic feature of the rangefinder is the presence of a built-in electro-optical device for measuring the azimuth and elevation angle of the target, the accuracy of operation is 2-3".

Rice. 4. Dutch LAR rangefinder

The rangefinder transmitter is made of neodymium glass laser. The quality factor of the optical cavity is modulated by a rotating prism. A photodiode is used as a receiver detector. To protect the observer's vision, there is a special filter built into the optical sight.

Using the LAR rangefinder, you can measure distances simultaneously to two targets located in the range of the laser beam and at a distance of at least 30 m from each other. The measurement results are displayed on digital displays alternately (range to the first and second targets, azimuth, elevation angle) when turned on relevant governing bodies. The rangefinder interfaces with automated systems artillery fire control, providing information about target coordinates in binary code. The portable rangefinder is powered by a 24 V rechargeable battery, the capacity of which is sufficient for 150 measurements in summer conditions. When the rangefinder is placed on a reconnaissance vehicle, power is supplied from the on-board network.

In Norway, field artillery forward observers use PM81 and LP3 laser rangefinders.

The PM81 rangefinder can be interfaced with automated artillery fire control systems. In this case, information about the range is provided in binary code automatically, and the angular coordinates of targets are read from the goniometer scales (measurement accuracy up to 3") and entered into the system manually. For combat work, the rangefinder is installed on a special tripod.

The rangefinder transmitter is based on a neodymium laser. The quality factor of the optical cavity is modulated using a rotating prism. The detector of the receiver is a photodiode. The optical sight is combined with a receiving lens; to protect the observer's eyes from damage by laser radiation, a dichroic mirror is used that does not transmit the reflected laser beam.

The rangefinder provides range measurement for three targets located in the laser beam range. The influence of interference from local objects is eliminated by strobing the range within 200-3000 m.

The LP3 rangefinder is mass-produced for the Norwegian army and purchased by many capitalist countries. For combat work, it is mounted on a tripod (Fig. 5). The angular coordinates of the target are read from the goniometer scales with an accuracy of about 3", the operating limits in the target elevation angle are ±20°, and in azimuth - 360°.

Rice. 5. Norwegian rangefinder LP3

The rangefinder transmitter is made on the basis of a neodymium laser; the Q-switching of the optical resonator is carried out by a rotating prism. A photodiode is used as a receiver detector. Interference from local objects is eliminated by strobing the range within 200-6000 m. Thanks to a special device, the observer's eyes are protected from the damaging effects of laser radiation.

The range display is made on LEDs; it displays the results of measuring distances to two targets simultaneously in the form of a five-digit number (in meters). The rangefinder is powered by a standard 24 V battery, which provides 500-600 range measurements in summer conditions and at least 50 measurements at an ambient temperature of 30°.

In France there are rangefinders TM-10 and TMV-26. The TM-10 rangefinder is used by artillery observers at field artillery posts, as well as by topographic units. Its characteristic feature is the presence of a gyrocompass for precise orientation on the ground (reference accuracy is about ±30"). The optical system of the rangefinder is of a periscope type. Ranges can be measured simultaneously against two targets. The measurement results, including range and angular coordinates, are read by the observer from the range display and scales goniometer through an indicator eyepiece.

The TMV-26 rangefinder is designed for use in ship fire control systems artillery installations caliber 100 mm. The rangefinder transceiver is installed on the antenna system of the ship's fire control radar station. The rangefinder transmitter is based on a neodymium laser, and a photodiode is used as a receiver detector.

Quantum rangefinders.

4.1 Operating principle of quantum rangefinders.
The operating principle of quantum rangefinders is based on measuring the travel time of a light pulse (signal) to a target and back.

Determination of polar coordinates of points;

Maintenance of target sighting (creation of benchmarks);

Studying the area.

Rice. 13. DAK-2M in combat position.

1- transceiver; 2- angle measuring platform (UIP); 3- tripod; 4- cable;

5-rechargeable battery 21NKBN-3.5.

4.2.2. Main performance characteristics of DAK-2M

№№	Characteristic name	Indicators
1	2	3
1	Range and measurements, M: Minimum; Maximum; To targets with angular dimensions ≥2′	8000
2	Maximum measurement error, m, no more	10
3	Operating mode: Number of range measurements in a series; Measurement frequency; Break between series of measurements, min; Time of readiness for range measurement after turning on the power, sec., no more; Time spent in readiness mode for range measurement after pressing the “START” button, min., no more.	1 measurement per 5-7 seconds 30 1
4	Number of measurements (pulses0 without recharging the battery, not less	300
5	Pointing angle range:	± 4-50
6	Accuracy of angle measurements, d.u.	±0-01
7	Optical characteristics: Magnification, times; Field of view, degrees; Periscope, mm.	6
8	Nutrition: Voltage of standard battery 21NKBN-3.5, V; Voltage of non-standard batteries, V; On-board network voltage, V, (with a battery voltage of 22-29 V included in the buffer. In this case, voltage fluctuations and ripples should not exceed ± 0.9 V).	22-29
9	Rangefinder weight: In combat position without stowage box and spare battery, kg; In stowed position (set weight), kg
10	Calculation, pers.	2

4.2.3. Set (composition) DAK-2M(Fig. 13)

1. 
   Transceiver.
2. 
   Angle measuring platform (UIP).
3. 
   Tripod.
4. 
   Cable.
5. 
   Rechargeable battery 21NKBN-3.5.
6. 
   Single set of spare parts.
7. 
   Stowage box.
8. 
   A set of technical documentation (form, maintenance and electrical engineering).

1. 
   Device components DAK-2M.

1. 
   Transceiver- designed for conducting optical (visual) reconnaissance, measuring vertical angles, generating a light probing pulse, receiving and recording light pulses probing and reflected from local objects (targets), converting them into voltage pulses, generating pulses for starting and stopping the time interval meter ( IVI).

The transceiver consists of a housing and a head. On front side The transceiver has eyecups installed. There are brackets to protect the binocular from mechanical damage.
a) The main blocks and assemblies of the transceiver are:

1. 
   optical quantum generator (OQG);
2. 
   photodetector device (PDU);
3. 
   FPU amplifier (UFPU);
4. 
   launch block;
5. 
   time interval meter (TIM);
6. 
   DC-DC converter (DCC);
7. 
   ignition unit (BP);
8. 
   DC-DC converter (DCC);
9. 
   control unit (CU);
10. 
    capacitor block (BC);
11. 
    arrester;
12. 
    head;
13. 
    binocular;
14. 
    mechanism for measuring vertical angles.

OGK designed to generate a powerful, narrowly directed radiation pulse. Physical basis The action of lasers is to amplify light using stimulated emission. For this purpose, lasers use an active element and an optical pumping system.

FPU designed to receive pulses reflected from the target (reflected light pulses), process and amplify them. To enhance them, the FPU contains a preliminary photodetector amplifier (UPFPU).

UVPU Designed to amplify and process pulses coming from the UPFPU, as well as to generate stopping pulses for IVI.

BZ is designed to generate trigger pulses for the IVI and UVPU and delay the trigger pulse for the IVI relative to the laser radiation pulse for the time required for the passage of stopping pulses through the UPFPU and UVPU.

IVI designed to measure the time interval between the fronts of the starting and one of the three stopping pulses. Converting it into a numerical value of range in meters and indicating the range to the target, as well as indicating the number of targets in the radiation range.

TTX IVY:

Range of measured ranges - 30 – 97500 m;

D resolution - no worse than 3 m;

The minimum value of the measured range can be set:

1050 m ± 75 m

2025 m ± 75 m

3000 m ± 75 m

IVI measures the range to one of three targets within the range of measured ranges at the choice of operators.

PPT designed for a block of pump capacitors and storage capacitors of the power supply unit, as well as for delivering a stabilized supply voltage to the control unit.

BP designed to generate a high-voltage pulse that ionizes the discharge gap of a pulsed pump lamp.

PPN designed to provide a stabilized supply voltage to UPFPU, UFPU, BZ and stabilize the rotation speed of the optical-mechanical shutter motor.

BOO designed to control the operation of rangefinder components and blocks in a given sequence and control the voltage level of the power source.

BC designed to accumulate charge.

Arrester designed to remove charge from capacitors by shorting them to the transceiver body.

Head designed to accommodate a sighting mirror. At the top of the head there is a socket for installing a sighting rod. A lens hood is attached to protect the head glass.

Binocular is part of the viewfinder and is designed to monitor the terrain, aim at a target, as well as to read range indicators, a target counter, indicate the readiness of the rangefinder to measure the range and the state of the battery.

Mechanism for measuring vertical angles designed for counting and indicating measured vertical angles.
b) Optical circuit of the transceiver(Fig. 14)

consists of: - transmitter channel;

The optical channels of the receiver and the viewfinder partially coincide (they have a common lens and dichroic mirror).

Transmitter channel designed to create a powerful monochromatic pulse of short duration and low angular divergence of the beam and send it in the direction of the target.

Its composition: - OGK (mirror, flash lamp, active element-rod, reflector, prism);

Galileo telescopic system - to reduce the angular divergence of radiation.

Receiver channel is designed to receive a radiation pulse reflected from a target and create the required level of light energy on the FPU photodiode. Its composition: - lens; - dichroic mirror.

Rice. 14. Optical circuit of the transceiver.

Left: 1- telescope; 2- mirror; 3- active element; 4- reflector; 5-pulse lamp ISP-600; 6- prism; 7.8- mirrors; 9- eyepiece.

POWER connector;

SRP connector (for connecting a computer);

Drying valve.
On the transceiver head are located:

Drying valve;

Socket for sighting rod.
Switch "TARGET" designed to measure the range to the first or second or third target located in the radiation target.

GATE switch designed to set minimum ranges of 200, 400, 1000, 2000, 3000, closer than which range measurement is impossible. The indicated minimum ranges correspond to the positions of the “GROBING” switch:

400 m - “0.4”

1000 m – “1”

2000 m – “2”

3000 m – “3”

When the position of the “GROBE” switch is set to position “3,” the sensitivity of the photodetector to reflected signals (pulses) increases.

Rice. 15. Controls DAK-2M.

1- drying cartridge; 2-node illumination of the grid; 3-switch LIGHT FILTER; 4-switch TARGET; 5.13-bracket; 6-control panel; 7-button MEASUREMENT; 8-START button; 9-knob BRIGHTNESS; 10-toggle switch BACKLIGHT; 11-toggle switch POWER; 12-connector PARAMETERS CONTROL; 14-switch STROBING; 15-level; 16-reflector; 17-scale vertical angle counting mechanism.

Rice. 16. Controls DAK-2M.

Left: 1-belt; 2-fuse; 3-connector FLASHLIGHT; 4-control panel; 5-ring; 6-connector PSA; 7,11-rings; 8-power connector; 9-button CALIBRATION; 10-button CONTROL VOLTAGE

Right: 1-socket; 2-head; 3.9-drying valve; 4-body; 5-eyecup; 6-binocular; 7-vertical guidance handle; 8-bracket.

1. 
   Angle measuring platform (UIP)

UIP designed for mounting and leveling the transceiver, rotating it around a vertical axis and measuring horizontal and directional angles.

Composition of the UIP(Fig. 17)

Clamping device;

Device;

Ball level.

The UIP is installed on a tripod and secured through a threaded bushing with machine screws.

Rice. 17. Angle measuring platform DAK-2M.

1-worm laying handle; 2-level; 3-handle; 4-clamp device; 5-base with wheel; 6-drum; 7-precision guidance handle; 8-nut; 9-limb; 10-handle; 11-threaded bushing; 12-base; 13-screw lifting.

1. 
   Tripod designed to install the transceiver to install the transceiver in the working position at the required height. The tripod consists of a table, three paired rods and three extendable legs. The rods are connected to each other by a hinge and a clamping device in which the extendable leg is clamped with a screw. The hinges are attached to the table with pads.

1. 
   Rechargeable battery 21 NKBN-3.5 designed to power rangefinder units with direct current through a cable.

21 – number of batteries in the battery;

NK – nickel-cadmium battery system;

B – battery type – panelless;

N – technological feature of plate manufacturing – spreadable;

3.5 – nominal battery capacity in ampere-hours.

- buttons “MEASUREMENT 1” and “MEASUREMENT 2” - to measure the range to the first or second target located in the radiation target.

Rice. 20. LPR-1 controls.

Top: 1-casing; 2-handle; 3-index; 4-buttons MEASUREMENT 1 and MEASUREMENT 2; 5-belt; 6-panel; 7-knob toggle switch BACKLIGHT; 8-eyepiece of the sight; 9-screws; 10-eyepiece sight; 11-fork; 12-battery compartment cover; 13-knob ON-OFF toggle switch.

Bottom: 1-drying cartridge; 2-rkmen; 3-bracket; 4-cover.

On the back and bottom sides:

Bracket for installing the device on the ICD bracket or on the adapter bracket when installing the device on a compass;

Drying cartridge;

Sight lens;

Telescope lens;

Connector with a cover for connecting the cable of remote buttons.

Rice. 21. Field of view of the LPR-1 indicator

1-range indicator; 2,5,6-dicimal points; 3-ready indicator (green); 4-battery discharge indicator (red).

Note . If there is no reflected pulse, zeros (00000) are displayed in all digits of the range indicator. In the absence of a probing pulse, zeros are displayed in all digits of the range indicator and a decimal point is displayed in the third digit (Fig. 21. position 5).

If there are several targets in the radiation target (at a break in the goniometric grid) during measurement, the decimal point in the least significant digit of the range indicator lights up (Fig. 21. position 2).

If it is impossible to remove screening interference beyond the gap in the goniometer grid, as well as in cases where the interference is not observed, and the decimal point in the low (right) digit of the range indicator is lit, point the rangefinder at the target so that the target covers, possibly, a larger area of ​​the gap goniometric grid. Measure the range, then set the minimum range limit knob to a range value that exceeds the measured value by 50-100 meters and measure the range again. Repeat these steps until the decimal point in the most significant digit goes out.

When zeros are displayed in all digits of the range indicator and the decimal point is illuminated in the most significant digit (left) (Fig. 21. position 6) of the indicator, it is necessary to turn the minimum range limit knob to reduce the minimum measured range until a reliable measurement result is obtained.

2. Angle measuring device (Fig. 22.).
Designed for installing a rangefinder, pointing the rangefinder and measuring horizontal, vertical and directional angles

Optical reconnaissance devices.

Electro-optical devices.

ARTILLERY QUANTUM RANGE FINDER

Artillery quantum rangefinder 1D11 with a target selection device designed to measure the range to stationary and moving targets, local objects and shell explosions, adjust ground artillery fire, conduct visual

terrain reconnaissance, measurement of vertical and horizontal angles of targets, topographic geodetic reference of elements of artillery battle formations.

The rangefinder provides measurement of the range to targets (tank, car, etc.) with a probability of reliable measurement of at least 0.9 (if they are confidently detected in the optical sight and in the absence of foreign objects in the beam target).

The rangefinder operates under the following climatic conditions: atmospheric pressure not less than 460 mm Hg. Art., relative humidity up to 98%, temperature ±35°C. Basic performance characteristics 1D11

Increase. . . ............... 8.7 x

Line of sight. . . ............. 1-00(6°)

Periscope......................... 330 mm

Range measurement accuracy. . ......... 5-10 m

Number of range measurements without replacing the battery - not less than 300

Time the rangefinder is ready for operation after turning on the general power - no more than 10 s

The 1D11 rangefinder kit includes a transceiver, an angle measuring platform, a tripod, a battery, a cable, a single set of spare parts, and a storage box.

The operating principle of the rangefinder is based on measuring the time it takes for a light signal to travel to the target and back.

A powerful short-duration radiation pulse generated by an optical quantum generator and a forming optical system is directed to a target, the range to which must be measured. The radiation pulse reflected from the target, passing through the optical system, enters the rangefinder photodetector. The moment of emission of the probing pulse and the moment of arrival

The reflection of the reflected pulse is recorded by a trigger unit and a photoreceiving device, which generate electrical signals to start and stop the time interval meter.

The time interval meter measures the time interval between the edges of the emitted and reflected pulses. The range to the target, proportional to this interval, is determined by the formula

D=st/2,

Where With - speed of light in the atmosphere, m/s;

t-measured interval, s.

The measurement result in meters is displayed on a digital indicator inserted into the field of view of the left eyepiece.

Preparing the rangefinder for operation includes installation, leveling, orientation and performance testing

Installation of the rangefinder is carried out in this order. Select a place for observation, place the tripod (pointing one of the legs in the direction of observation) above the selected point so that the tripod table is located approximately horizontally. Install the angle measuring platform (AMP) on the tripod table and securely fasten it with a mounting screw.

After placing the tripod, rough leveling is carried out using a ball level with an accuracy of half a division of the level scale by changing the length of the legs of the tripod.

Then install the transceiver with the shank into the mounting socket of the UIP (after first retracting the handle of the UIP clamping device counterclockwise until it stops) and, turning the transceiver, ensure that the locking stops of the shank fit into the corresponding grooves of the clamping device, after which turn the handle of the UIP clockwise until the transceiver is securely fastened. Hanging the battery

the battery on the tripod or install it to the right of the tripod, taking into account the possibility of rotating the transceiver connected by a cable to the battery. Connect the cable to the transceiver and the battery, having previously removed the plugs from the corresponding connectors.

Precise leveling along a cylindrical level is carried out in this order. Pull the worm lifting handle down as far as it will go and turn the transceiver so that the axis of the cylindrical level is parallel to the straight line passing through the axes of the two UIP lifting screws. Bring the level bubble to the middle while simultaneously rotating the UIP lifting screws in opposite directions. Turn the transceiver 90° and, by rotating the third lifting screw, bring the level bubble back to the middle, check the accuracy of leveling by smoothly turning the transceiver 180°, and repeat leveling if, when turning, the cylindrical level bubble moves away from the middle by more than half a division.

Checking the functionality of the rangefinder includes monitoring the battery voltage, monitoring the functioning of the time interval meter (TIM) and checking the functioning of the rangefinder.

The battery voltage is monitored in this order. Turn on the POWER switch and press the CONTROL button. E.g. If the red signal light (on the right) lights up in the field of view of the left eyepiece, then the battery voltage is below acceptable and the battery must be replaced.

The functioning of the time interval meter is monitored through three calibration channels in the following order: set the GATE switch to position 0, press the START button. the TARGET switch is sequentially set to position 1,

2, 3 and after each switching, press the CALIBRATION button when the red signal dot (on the left) lights up in the field of view of the left eyepiece.

When you press the CALIBRATION button, the indicator readings should be within the limits specified in the table

After checks, the TARGET switch is set to position 1.

The functioning of the rangefinder is checked by checking the range to a target, the distance to which is within the range of the rangefinder and is known in advance with an error of no more than 2 m. If the range is not known exactly, then the range to the same target is measured three times.

The measurement results must not differ from the known value or differ from each other by a value not exceeding the error specified in the form.

Before orienting the rangefinder, set the viewfinder eyepiece for image sharpness. If necessary, install the sighting rod on the transceiver head and secure it with a screw.

Orientation of the rangefinder is usually carried out according to the directional angle of the reference direction. The orientation procedure is as follows: point the transceiver at a landmark, the directional angle of which is known, set it on the dial (on the black scale) and on the scale

precise readings, a reading equal to the value of the directional angle to the reference point, clamp the dial fixing screws and the nut for fixing the precision reading scale,

Horizontal angles are measured using the monocular grid (up to 0-70), the dial scale (as the difference in readings for the right and left points), the dial scale with an initial setting of 0 to the right point and subsequent marking at the left point. Vertical angles are measured using the monocular grid (up to 0-35) and the scale of the target elevation mechanism.

Measuring range with a 1D11 rangefinder is carried out as follows.

Observing through the right eyepiece and rotating the handwheels of the horizontal and vertical aiming mechanisms, aim the reticle mark at the target, turn on the POWER switch, press the START button and after the signal dot lights up, press the MEASUREMENT button without losing aim. After this, a reading of the measured range and the number of targets in the beam range are taken in the left eyepiece.

If the MEASURE button has not been pressed within 65-90 s. from the moment the readiness indicator lights up, the rangefinder automatically turns off. The measured range is displayed in the left eyepiece for 5-9 s.

If there are several targets (up to three) in the beam range, the rangefinder can measure the range to any of them at his choice. The rangefinder measures the range to the first target when the TARGET switch is set to position 1. To measure the range to the second or third target, the TARGET switch is set to position 2 or 3, respectively. In addition, the rangefinder provides stepwise gating of the distance along the range. By setting the STROBE switch to positions 0, 0, 4, 1, 2 and 3, the rangefinder can begin measuring the range from distances of 200, 400, 1000, 2000 and 3000 m, respectively, from the rangefinder.

After ten such measurements, you must take a three-minute break.

The reliability of the measurement results depends on the correct choice of the aiming point on the object, since the power of the reflected beam depends on the effective reflection area of ​​the target and its reflection coefficient. Therefore, when measuring, you need to select a point in the center of the visible area.

If it is impossible to measure the range directly to the target, measure the range to a local object located in close proximity to the target.

To transfer the rangefinder from the combat position to the stowed position, it is necessary to turn off the POWER and BACKLIGHT switches, record the pulse counter readings, disconnect the power cable first from the battery, and then from the transceiver and place it in the pocket of the stowage box. Remove the target rod and flashlight from the transceiver and place them in the storage box. Close the plug connectors and the mounting socket for the pole with plugs. Move the handle of the UIP clamping device counterclockwise until it stops. Remove the transceiver from the UIP, place it in the storage box and secure it in it. Place the battery in the storage box. Remove the UIP from the tripod, place it in the storage box and secure it in it. Fold the tripod, clearing it of dirt, and secure it to the storage box.

A type of quantum rangefinder is laser reconnaissance device(DM). A laser reconnaissance device has a number of advantages in relation to an artillery quantum rangefinder: smaller dimensions and weight, more power sources, and the ability to operate “hand-held.” At the same time, the main tactical and technical characteristics of the APR are worse compared to the DAK; during combat operations its stability is significantly lower; the device does not have periscope. In addition, its active measuring channel is subject to flare from a bright light source.

Safety requirements when working with decision makers, the procedure and rules for orienting the device along the directional angle or compass, and checking its functionality do not differ from similar actions with DAK.

The device can receive power from a built-in battery, the on-board power supply of wheeled or tracked vehicles, or non-standard batteries. In this case, when operating from other sources (except for the built-in battery), a protective device is installed instead of the built-in battery.

The transition conductor is connected to the current source, observing polarity.

To transfer the decision maker to a combat position:

to operate “hands-on”, remove the device from the case, connect the selected (or existing) power source, and check the functioning of the device;

To work with the tripod from the kit, install the tripod at the selected location according to general rules(it is possible to secure the tripod cup in some wooden object);

install an angle measuring device (AMD) with a ball support in the cup; insert the ICD clamp into the T-shaped groove of the device bracket until it stops and secure the device by turning the handle of the clamping device;

to work with a periscope artillery compass, install the compass for work, level and orient it; install the adapter crown on the monocular compass

bracket: insert the bracket clamp into the T-shaped groove of the device bracket until it stops and secure the device.

The decision maker is transferred to the traveling position in the reverse order.

To measure the range, press the MEASUREMENT-1 button, after the readiness indicator lights up, release the button and take the reading of the range indicator.

The rangefinder is aimed at the target so that it covers the largest possible area of ​​the reticle gap. If more than one target hits the radiation target, then the range to the second target is measured by pressing the MEASUREMENT-2 button.

The measured value is displayed in the range indicator for 3-5 s.

Horizontal and vertical angles are measured according to the rules common to goniometric instruments. Angles not exceeding 0-80 degrees. ang., can be estimated using a goniometric grid with an accuracy of no higher than 0-05 divisions. ang.

To determine the polar coordinates of a target, measure the distance to it and take an azimuth reading. Rectangular coordinates are determined using the coordinate converter included in the kit, or any other known method.

When working in conditions of strong background noise (the target is located against a bright sky or surfaces illuminated by the bright sun, etc.), the diaphragm, stored in the cover of the case, is inserted into the lens barrel. At negative temperatures from -30°C and below, the diaphragm is not installed.

When measuring ranges to distant, small or moving targets, for ease of operation, a cable of remote buttons is connected to the plug on the rangefinder panel.

Detailed description set of the device, the procedure for combat operation and maintenance of the device are given in the Calculation Memo attached to each set.

In the hands of a forward observer of the Italian army is the Elbit PLDRII reconnaissance and targeting device, which is in service with many customers, including the Marine Corps, where it is designated AN/PEQ-17

Looking for purpose

In order to develop target coordinates, the data collection system must first know its own position. From there, she can determine the distance to the target and the angle of the latter relative to the true pole. Surveillance system (preferably day and night), system precise definition location, laser rangefinder, digital magnetic compass are typical components of such a device. It is also a good idea for such a system to have a tracking device that can identify the coded laser beam to confirm the target to the pilot, which consequently increases safety and reduces communication traffic. The pointers, on the other hand, are not powerful enough to guide weapons, but allow the target to be marked for ground or airborne target designators, which ultimately guide the semi-active laser homing head of the ammunition onto the target. Finally, artillery position detection radars make it possible to accurately determine the positions of enemy artillery, even if (as is most often the case) they are not in direct line of sight. As stated, this review will only cover manual systems.

In order to understand what the military wants to have in their hands, let's look at the requirements published by the US Army in 2014 for its laser reconnaissance and target designation device LTLM (Laser Target Location Module) II, which should after some time replace the one consisting of armament previous version LTLM. The Army is expecting a device weighing 1.8 kg (eventually 1.6 kg), although the entire system, including the device itself, cables, tripod and lens cleaning kit, could raise the bar to 4.8 kg in best case scenario up to 3.85 kg. In comparison, the current LTLM module has a base mass of 2.5 kg and a total mass of 5.4 kg. The target location error threshold is defined as 45 meters at 5 kilometers (the same as for LTLM), the practical circular probable deviation (CPD) is 10 meters at 10 km. For daytime operations, the LTLM II will have optics with a minimum magnification of x7, a minimum field of view of 6°x3.5°, an ocular scale with 10 mil increments, and a daytime color television camera. It will provide streaming video and a wide 6°x4.5° field of view, guaranteeing a recognition rate of 70% at 3.1 km and identification at 1.9 km in clear weather. The narrow field of view should be no more than 3°x2.25°, and preferably 2.5°x1.87°, with corresponding recognition ranges of 4.2 or 5 km and identification ranges of 2.6 or 3.2 km. The thermal imaging channel will have the same target fields of view with a 70% probability of recognition at 0.9 and 2 km and identification at 0.45 and 1 km. Target data will be stored in the UTM/UPS coordinate block, and data and images will be transmitted via RS-232 or USB 2.0 connectors. Power will be supplied from L91 AA lithium batteries. The minimum communication capability should be provided by a lightweight, high-precision GPS receiver PLGR (Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver) and an advanced military GPS receiver DAGR (Defense Advanced GPS Receiver), as well as GPS systems being developed. However, the Army would prefer a system that could also interface with the Pocket Sized Forward Entry Device, software Forward Observer Software/System, Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade-and-Below and Net Warrior.

BAE Systems offers two reconnaissance and target designation devices. The UTB X-LRF is a development of the UTB X, to which a Class 1 laser rangefinder with a range of 5.2 km has been added. The device is based on an uncooled thermal imaging matrix measuring 640x480 pixels with a pitch of 17 microns; it can have optics with focal lengths of 40, 75 and 120 mm with a corresponding magnification factor of x2.1, x3.7 and x6.6, diagonal fields of view of 19°, 10.5 ° and 6.5° and electronic zoom x2. According to BAE Systems, the range of positive (80% probability) detection of a NATO standard target with an area of ​​0.75 m2 is 1010, 2220 and 2660 meters, respectively. The UTB X-LRF device is equipped with a GPS system with an accuracy of 2.5 meters and a digital magnetic compass. It also includes a Class 3B laser pointer in the visible and infrared spectrum. The device can store up to one hundred images in uncompressed BMP format. Power comes from four L91 lithium batteries that provide five hours of run time, although the unit can be connected to an external power source via USB. The UTB X-LRF is 206 mm long, 140 mm wide and 74 mm high, and weighs 1.38 kg without batteries.

In the US military, the Trigr device from BAE Systems is known as the Laser Target Locator Module, it includes an uncooled thermal imaging matrix and weighs less than 2.5 kg

The UTB X-LRF device is a further development of the UTB X; a laser rangefinder has been added to it, which has made it possible to turn the device into a full-fledged reconnaissance, surveillance and target designation system

Another BAE Systems product is the Trigr (Target Reconnaissance Infrared GeoLocating Rangefinder) laser reconnaissance and target designation device, developed in collaboration with Vectronix. BAE Systems provides the instrument's uncooled thermal imager and government-standard, noise-resistant GPS receiver with selective availability, while Vectronix provides x7 magnification optics, a 5 km fiber laser rangefinder, and a digital magnetic compass. According to the company, the Trigr device guarantees a CEP of 45 meters at a distance of 5 km. The recognition range during the day is 4.2 km or more than 900 meters at night. The device weighs less than 2.5 kg, two sets guarantee round-the-clock operation. The entire system with tripod, batteries and cables weighs 5.5 kg. In the American army, the device was designated Laser Target Locator Module; she was signed to a five-year, indefinite contract in 2009, plus two more in August 2012 and January 2013, worth $23.5 million and $7 million, respectively.

Northrop Grumman's Mark VII handheld laser reconnaissance, surveillance and targeting device has been replaced by the improved Mark VIIE. This model received a thermal imaging channel instead of the image brightness enhancement channel of the previous model. The uncooled sensor significantly improves visibility at night and in difficult conditions; it features a field of view of 11.1°x8.3°. The daytime channel is based on forward-looking optics with x8.2 magnification and a field of view of 7°x5°. The digital magnetic compass is accurate to ±8 mils, the electronic clinometer is accurate to ±4 mils, and positioning is provided by a built-in anti-jam module with selective GPS/SAASM availability. Nd-Yag laser rangefinder (yttrium-aluminum garnet laser with neodymium) with optical parametric generation provides maximum range 20 km with an accuracy of ±3 meters. The Mark VIIE weighs 2.5 kg with nine commercial CR123 elements and is equipped with an RS-232/422 data interface.

The newest product in Northrop Grumman's portfolio is the HHPTD (Hand Held Precision Targeting Device), which weighs less than 2.26 kg. Compared to its predecessors, it has a daytime color channel, as well as a non-magnetic celestial navigation module, which significantly improves accuracy to the level required by modern GPS-guided munitions. The contract for the development of the device, worth $9.2 million, was awarded in January 2013, work was carried out in collaboration with Flir, General Dynamics and Wilcox. In October 2014, the device was tested at the White Sands Missile Range.

The Hand Held Precision Targeting Device is one of Northrop Grumman's newest developments; its comprehensive tests were carried out at the end of 2014

For devices of the Flir Recon B2 family, the main channel is a cooled thermal imaging channel. The B2-FO device with an additional daytime channel in the hands of an Italian special forces soldier (pictured)

Flir has several hand-held targeting devices in its portfolio and partners with other companies to provide night vision devices for similar systems. The Recon B2 device features a main thermal imaging channel operating in the mid-wave IR range. The 640x480 cooled indium antimonide sensor device provides a wide field of view of 10°x8°, a narrow field of view of 2.5°x1.8° and continuous electronic zoom of x4. The thermal imaging channel is equipped with autofocus, automatic brightness gain control and digital data enhancement. The auxiliary channel can be equipped with either a day sensor (model B2-FO) or a long-wave infrared channel (model B2-DC). The first is based on a 1/4" color CCD camera with a 794x494 matrix with continuous digital zoom x4 and the same two fields of view as the previous model. The auxiliary thermal imaging channel is based on a 640x480 vanadium oxide microbolometer and provides one 18° field of view with digital x4 magnification. The B2 device has a GPS C/A code module (Coarse Acquisition code - a code for coarse location of objects) (however, in order to increase accuracy, a military standard GPS module can be built-in), a digital magnetic compass and a laser range finder with a range of 20 km. , as well as a Class 3B laser pointer with a wavelength of 852 nanometers, the B2 can store up to 1000 images in jpeg format, which can be uploaded via USB or RS-232/422 connectors, and there are also NTSC/PAL and HDMI connectors for video recording. The device weighs less than 4 kg, including six D lithium batteries, providing four hours of continuous operation or more than five hours in energy-saving mode. Recon B2 can be equipped with a kit remote control, which includes a tripod, a panoramic rotating device, a power supply and communication unit and a control unit.

Flir offers a lighter version of the Recon V surveillance and targeting device, which includes a thermal sensor, rangefinder and other standard sensors packaged in a 1.8 kg body.

The lighter Recon B9-FO model features an uncooled thermal imaging channel with a 9.3°x7° field of view and x4 digital zoom. The color camera has x10 continuous zoom and x4 digital zoom, while the GPS receiver, digital compass and laser pointer features are the same as the B2. The main difference is the rangefinder, which has a maximum range of 3 km. The B9-FO is designed to operate at shorter ranges; it also weighs significantly less than the B2, less than 2.5 kg with two D batteries that provide five hours of continuous operation.

Thanks to the absence of a day channel, the Recon V weighs even less, only 1.8 kg with batteries that provide six hours of operation with the possibility of “hot” replacement. Its cooled indium antimonide matrix of 640x480 pixels operates in the mid-wave IR region of the spectrum, it has optics with x10 magnification (wide field of view 20°x15°). The device's rangefinder is designed for a range of 10 km, while a gyroscope based on microelectromechanical systems provides image stabilization.

The French company Sagem offers three binocular solutions for day/night target acquisition. All of them have the same color day channel with a field of view of 3°x2.25°, an eye-safe laser rangefinder for 10 km, a digital magnetic compass with 360° azimuth and ±40° elevation angles and a GPS C/S module with accuracy up to three meters (the device can connect to an external GPS module). The main difference between the devices is the thermal imaging channel.

First on the list is the Jim UC Multifunction Binocular, which has an uncooled 640x480 sensor with identical night and day fields of view, while the wide field of view is 8.6°x6.45°. Jim UC is equipped with digital zoom, image stabilization, built-in photo and video recording; optional image merging function between daytime and thermal imaging channels. It also includes an eye-safe 0.8 micron laser pointer plus analog and digital ports. Without batteries, the binoculars weigh 2.3 kg. The rechargeable battery provides more than five hours of continuous use.

The Jim Long Range multifunctional binoculars from the French company Sagem were supplied to the French infantry as part of the Felin combat equipment; in the photo the binoculars are installed on the Sterna target designation device from Vectronix

Next comes the more advanced multifunctional binoculars Jim LR, from which, by the way, the UC device “spun off”. It is in service with the French army, being part of the combat equipment of the French soldier Felin. Jim LR features a thermal imaging channel with a 320x240 pixel sensor operating in the 3-5 micron range; The narrow field of view is the same as the UC model, and the wide field of view is 9°x6.75°. A more powerful laser pointer, increasing the range from 300 to 2500 meters, is available as an option. The cooling system naturally increases the weight of Jim LR devices to 2.8 kg without batteries. However, the cooled thermal imaging module significantly improves the performance, the detection, recognition and identification ranges of a person are respectively 3/1/0.5 km for the UC model and 7/2.5/1.2 km for the LR model.

Rounding out the lineup are the Jim HR multifunctional binoculars with even more high performance, which are provided by a VGA 640x480 matrix high resolution.

Vectronix, a division of Sagem, offers two surveillance platforms that, when connected to systems from Vectronix and/or Sagem, form extremely precise modular targeting tools.

The digital magnetic compass included in the GonioLight Digital Observation Station provides an accuracy of 5 mils (0.28°). When connecting a true-pole gyro, accuracy increases to 1 mil (0.06°). A gyroscope weighing 4.4 kg is installed between the station itself and the tripod, as a result total weight GonioLight, gyroscope and tripod aim for 7 kg. Without a gyroscope, such accuracy can be achieved through the use of built-in topographic referencing procedures based on known landmarks or celestial bodies. The system has a built-in GPS module and an access channel to an external GPS module. The GonioLight station is equipped with an illuminated screen and has interfaces for computers, communications equipment and other external devices. In case of malfunction, the system has auxiliary scales to determine the direction and vertical angle. The system can accept a variety of day or night surveillance devices and rangefinders, such as the Vector family of rangefinders or the Sagem Jim binoculars described above. Special mounts at the top of the GonioLight station also allow the installation of two optical-electronic subsystems. Total weight ranges from 9.8 kg in the GLV configuration, which includes GonioLight plus Vector rangefinder, to 18.1 kg in the GL G-TI configuration, which includes GonioLight, Vector, Jim-LR and gyroscope. The GonioLight monitoring station was developed in the early 2000s and since then more than 2,000 of these systems have been delivered to many countries. This station was also used in combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Vectronix's expertise helped it develop the Sterna, an ultra-lightweight non-magnetic targeting system. If GonioLite is intended for ranges over 10 km, then Sterna is for ranges of 4-6 km. Together with the tripod, the system weighs approximately 2.5 kg and is accurate to less than 1 mil (0.06°) at any latitude using known reference points. This allows for a target location error of less than four meters at a range of 1.5 km. In case of unavailable landmarks, the Sterna system is equipped with a hemispherical resonant gyroscope jointly developed by Sagem and Vectronix, which provides an accuracy of 2 mils (0.11°) in determining true north up to a latitude of 60°. Installation and orientation time is less than 150 seconds and requires a rough alignment of ±5°. The Sterna device is powered by four CR123A elements, providing 50 orientation operations and 500 measurements. Like GonlioLight, the Sterna system can accept Various types optical-electronic systems. For example, in the Vectronix portfolio there is the lightest device weighing less than 3 kg PLRF25C and a slightly heavier (less than 4 kg) Moskito. To perform more complex tasks, Vector or Jim devices can be added, but the weight increases to 6 kg. The Sterna system has a special mounting location for mounting on a trunnion vehicle, from which it can be quickly removed for dismounted operations. To evaluate these systems in large quantities were assigned to the troops. The US Army ordered the Vectronix handheld systems and the Sterna systems as part of the Handheld Precision Targeting Devices Requirement issued in July 2012. Vectronix speaks with confidence about the constant growth in sales of the Sterna system in 2015.

In June 2014, Vectronix showed the Moskito TI surveillance and targeting device with three channels: daylight optical with x6 magnification, optical (CMOS technology) with brightness enhancement (both with a 6.25° field of view) and uncooled thermal imaging with a 12° field of view. The device also includes a 10 km rangefinder with an accuracy of ±2 meters and a digital compass with an azimuth accuracy of ±10 mils (±0.6°) and an elevation accuracy of ±3 mils (±0.2°). The GPS module is optional, although there is a connector for external civilian and military GPS receivers, as well as Galileo or GLONASS modules. It is possible to connect a laser pointer. The Moskito TI device has RS-232, USB 2.0 and Ethernet interfaces; Bluetooth wireless communication is optional. It is powered by three batteries or CR123A batteries, providing over six hours of uninterrupted operation. And finally, all the above systems are packaged in a device measuring 130x170x80 mm and weighing less than 1.3 kg. This new product is a further development of the Moskito model, which, weighing 1.2 kg, has a day channel and a channel with brightness enhancement, a laser rangefinder with a range of 10 km, a digital compass; Optionally, civil standard GPS integration or connection to an external GPS receiver is possible.

Thales offers a full range of intelligence, surveillance and targeting systems. The Sophie UF system weighs 3.4 kg and has an optical daytime channel with x6 magnification and a 7° field of view. The range of the laser rangefinder reaches 20 km, the Sophie UF can be equipped with a GPS receiver P(Y) code (encrypted code for the exact location of an object) or C/A code (code for a rough determination of the location of objects), which can be connected to an external DAGR/PLGR receiver. A magnetoresistive digital compass with 0.5° azimuth accuracy and an inclinometer with a 0.1° gravity sensor complete the sensor package. The device is powered by AA cells, providing 8 hours of operation. The system can operate in the modes of projectile fall correction and target data reporting; It is equipped with RS232/422 connectors for exporting data and images. The Sophie UF system is also in service with the British Army under the designation SSARF (Surveillance System and Range Finder).

Moving from simple to complex, let's focus on the Sophie MF device. It includes a cooled 8-12 micron thermal imager with a wide 8°x6° and narrow 3.2°x2.4° fields of view and x2 digital zoom. A color day channel with a 3.7°x2.8° field of view is available as an option along with an 839 nm laser pointer. The Sophie MF system also includes a 10 km laser rangefinder, a built-in GPS receiver, a connector for connecting to an external GPS receiver and a magnetic compass with an azimuth accuracy of 0.5° and elevation of 0.2°. Sophie MF weighs 3.5 kg and runs on a set of batteries for more than four hours.

The Sophie XF device is almost identical to the MF model, the main difference is the thermal imaging sensor, which operates in the mid-wave (3-5 microns) IR region of the spectrum and has a wide 15°x11.2° and narrow 2.5°x1.9° field of view, optical x6 magnification and x2 electronic zoom. Analog and HDMI outputs are available for video output, because Sophie XF is capable of storing up to 1000 photos or up to 2 GB of video. There are also RS 422 and USB ports. The XF model is the same size and weight as the MF model, although the battery life is just over six or seven hours.

The British company Instro Precision, specializing in goniometers and panoramic heads, has developed a modular reconnaissance and target acquisition system MG-TAS (Modular Gyro Target Acquisition System), based on a gyroscope that allows for highly accurate determination of the true pole. Accuracy is less than 1 mil (not affected by magnetic interference), and the digital goniometer offers 9 mil accuracy depending on the magnetic field. The system also includes a lightweight tripod and a ruggedized handheld computer with a full range of targeting tools for calculating target data. The interface allows you to install one or two targeting sensors.

Vectronix has developed a lightweight non-magnetic reconnaissance and target designation system, Sterna, with a range of 4 to 6 kilometers (pictured mounted on a Sagem Jim-LR)

The latest addition to the family of targeting devices is the Vectronix Moskito 77, which has two day and one thermal imaging channels.

The Thales Sophie XF device allows you to determine the coordinates of a target, and for night vision there is a sensor operating in the mid-wave infrared region of the spectrum

The Airbus DS Nestor system with a cooled thermal imaging matrix and a mass of 4.5 kg was developed for the German mountain infantry troops. It is in service with several armies

Airbus DS Optronics offers two intelligence, surveillance and targeting devices, the Nestor and TLS-40, both manufactured in South Africa. The Nestor device, whose production began in 2004-2005, was originally developed for German mountain rifle units. The 4.5 kg biocular system includes a day channel with x7 magnification and a 6.5° field of view with 5 mil reticle increments, as well as a thermal imaging channel based on a cooled matrix measuring 640x512 pixels with two fields of view, narrow 2.8°x2.3° and wide (11.4°x9.1°). The distance to the target is measured by a Class 1M laser rangefinder with a range of 20 km and an accuracy of ±5 meters and adjustable gating (pulse repetition frequency) for range. The direction and elevation angle of the target is provided by a digital magnetic compass with an accuracy of ±1° in azimuth and ±0.5° in elevation, while the measurable elevation angle is +45°. The Nestor device has a built-in 12-channel GPS L1 C/A receiver (coarse definition), and you can also connect external GPS modules. There is a CCIR-PAL video output. The device is powered by lithium-ion batteries, but it is possible to connect to an external DC power source of 10-32 Volts. A cooled thermal imager increases the weight of the system, but at the same time improves night vision capabilities. The system is in service with several European armies, including the Bundeswehr, several European border forces and unnamed buyers from the Middle East. Far East. The company expects several large contracts for hundreds of systems in 2015, but no new customers are named there.

Using the experience gained from creating the Nestor system, Airbus DS Optronics has developed a lighter Opus-H system with an uncooled thermal imaging channel. Its deliveries began in 2007. It has the same day channel, while the 640x480 microbolometer matrix provides an 8.1°x6.1° field of view and the ability to save images in jpg format. Other components have been left unchanged, including the monopulse laser rangefinder, which not only increases the measurement range without the need for stabilization on a tripod, but also detects and displays up to three targets at any range. Also, the USB 2.0, RS232 and RS422 serial connectors are retained from the previous model. Eight AA cells provide power supply. The Opus-H device weighs approximately one kg less than the Nestor device, and is also smaller in size, 300x215x110 mm compared to 360x250x155 mm. Buyers of the Opus-H system from military and paramilitary structures were not disclosed.

Airbus DS Optronics Opus-H system

In response to the growing need for lightweight and low-cost targeting systems, Airbus DS Optronics (Pty) has developed the TLS 40 series of instruments, which weigh less than 2 kg with batteries. Three models are available: TLS 40 with daytime channel only, TLS 40i with image enhancement and TLS 40IR with uncooled thermal imaging sensor. Their laser rangefinder and GPS are the same as the Nestor device. The digital magnetic compass has ±45° vertical, ±30° pitch and ±10 mil azimuth and ±4 mil elevation accuracy. Common with the previous two models, the biocular daytime optical channel with the same reticle as the Nestor device has a magnification of x7 and a field of view of 7°. The TLS 40i version with increased image brightness has a monocular channel based on the Photonis XR5 tube with x7 magnification and a 6° field of view. Models TLS 40 and TLS 40i have the same physical characteristics, their dimensions are 187x173x91 mm. With the same weight as the other two models, the TLS 40IR device is larger in size, 215x173x91 mm. It has a monocular day channel with the same magnification and a slightly narrower field of view of 6°. The 640x312 microbolometer matrix provides a 10.4°x8.3° field of view with x2 digital zoom. The image is displayed on a black and white OLED display. All TLS 40 models can be optionally equipped with a day camera with a field of view of 0.89°x0.75° for capturing images in jpg format and a voice recorder for recording voice comments in WAV format for 10 seconds per image. All three models are powered by three CR123 batteries or an external 6-15 Volt power supply, have USB 1.0, RS232, RS422 and RS485 serial connectors, PAL and NTSC video outputs, and can also be equipped with an external GPS receiver. The TLS 40 series has already entered service with unnamed customers, including African ones.

Nyxus Bird Gyro differs from the previous Nyxus Bird model by a gyroscope for orientation to the true pole, which significantly increases the accuracy of determining target coordinates at long distances

The German company Jenoptik has developed the Nyxus Bird day-night reconnaissance, surveillance and target designation system, which is available in medium and long-range versions. The difference lies in the thermal imaging channel, which in the mid-range version is equipped with a lens with a field of view of 11°x8°. The detection, recognition and identification ranges of a standard NATO target are 5, 2 and 1 km, respectively. The long-range version with optics with a field of view of 7°x5° provides longer ranges, respectively 7, 2.8 and 1.4 km. The matrix size for both options is 640x480 pixels. The day channel of the two options has a field of view of 6.75° and a magnification of x7. The Class 1 laser rangefinder has a typical range of 3.5 km, the digital magnetic compass provides azimuth accuracy of 0.5° in a 360° sector and elevation accuracy of 0.2° in a 65° sector. Nyxus Bird features multiple measurement modes and can store up to 2,000 infrared images. Having a built-in GPS module, it can however be connected to a PLGR/DAGR system to further improve accuracy. There is a USB 2.0 connector for transferring photos and videos; Bluetooth wireless communication is optional. With a 3-volt lithium battery, the device weighs 1.6 kg; without the eyecup, the length is 180 mm, width 150 mm and height 70 mm. The Nyxus Bird is part of the German army's IdZ-ES modernization program. The addition of a Micro Pointer tactical computer with a comprehensive geographic information system significantly improves target localization capabilities. Micro Pointer operates from internal and external power supplies, has RS232, RS422, RS485 and USB connectors and an optional Ethernet connector. This small computer (191x85x81 mm) weighs only 0.8 kg. Another additional system is a gyroscope for non-magnetic orientation to the true pole, which provides very accurate direction and precise target coordinates at all ultra-long distances. A gyroscopic head with the same connectors as Micro Pointer can be connected to an external GPS PLGR/DAGR system. Four CR123A elements provide 50 orientation operations and 500 measurements. The head weighs 2.9 kg, and the entire system with tripod weighs 4.5 kg.

The Finnish company Millog has developed a hand-held target designation system called Lisa, which includes an uncooled thermal imager and an optical channel with vehicle detection, recognition and identification ranges of 4.8 km, 1.35 km and 1 km, respectively. The system weighs 2.4 kg with batteries that provide a runtime of 10 hours. After receiving the contract in May 2014, the system began to enter service with the Finnish army.

Developed several years ago for the Soldato Futuro Italian Army soldier modernization program by Selex-ES, the Linx multi-function handheld day/night reconnaissance and targeting device has been improved and now has an uncooled 640x480 matrix. The thermal imaging channel has a field of view of 10°x7.5° with optical magnification x2.8 and electronic magnification x2 and x4. The daytime channel is a color television camera with two magnifications (x3.65 and x11.75 with corresponding fields of view of 8.6°x6.5° and 2.7°x2.2°). The color VGA display has a built-in programmable electronic crosshair. Range measurement is possible up to 3 km, location is determined using the built-in GPS receiver, while a digital magnetic compass provides azimuth information. Images are exported via the USB connector. Further development of the Linx instrument is expected during 2015, when miniature cooled sensors and new functions will be built into it.

In Israel, the military is seeking to improve its firepower capabilities. For this purpose, each battalion will be assigned a group to coordinate air strikes and ground fire support. Currently, the battalion is assigned one artillery liaison officer. National industry is already working to provide the tools to solve this problem.

The Lisa device from the Finnish company Millog is equipped with uncooled thermal imaging and daylight channels; weighing only 2.4 kg it has a detection range of just under 5 km

The Coral-CR device with a cooled thermal imaging channel is part of the line of target designation systems of the Israeli company Elbit

Elbit Systems is very active in both Israel and the United States. Its Coral-CR surveillance and reconnaissance device has a cooled 640x512 indium antimonide mid-wave detector with optical fields of view from 2.5°x2.0° to 12.5°x10° and x4 digital zoom. The black and white CCD camera with fields of view from 2.5°x1.9° to 10°x7.5° operates in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. Images are displayed on a high-resolution color OLED display through customizable binocular optics. An eye-safe Class 1 laser rangefinder, built-in GPS and digital magnetic compass with 0.7° azimuth and elevation accuracy complete the sensor package. Target coordinates are calculated in real time and can be transmitted to external devices; the device can save up to 40 images. CCIR or RS170 video outputs are available. The Coral-CR is 281 mm long, 248 mm wide, 95 mm high and weighs 3.4 kg, including the ELI-2800E rechargeable battery. The device is in service with many NATO countries (in America under the designation Emerald-Nav).

The uncooled Mars thermal imager is lighter and cheaper, it is based on a 384x288 vanadium oxide detector. In addition to a thermal imaging channel with two fields of view of 6°x4.5° and 18°x13.5°, it has a built-in color day camera with fields of view of 3°x2.5° and 12°x10°, a laser rangefinder, a GPS receiver and a magnetic compass. The Mars device is 200 mm long, 180 mm wide and 90 mm high, and with a battery it weighs only 2 kg.

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