Fire safety equipment at the enterprise. Fire safety equipment at the enterprise

28.07.2019 Construction

The main causes of fires in production are:

violation of technological regulations (process);

violation of fire safety requirements when carrying out electric and gas welding and other hot work;

violation of the rules for storage, use, manufacture and transportation of substances and materials;

violation of the rules for installation, design and operation of electrical networks and electrical equipment;

design flaws in electrical equipment, heat generating units and devices;

violation of the rules for design, installation and operation of heat-generating units and devices;

careless handling of fire;

smoking in undesignated places.

In some cases, the cause of fires may be the actions of natural forces: lightning discharges, sunlight, etc.

Hazardous fire factors affecting people are:

flames and sparks;

elevated temperature environment;

toxic products of combustion and thermal decomposition;

reduced oxygen concentration.

Secondary manifestations of fire hazards affecting people and material assets include:

fragments, parts of destroyed apparatus, units, installations, structures;

radioactive and toxic substances and materials released from destroyed devices and installations;

electric current resulting from the transfer of high voltage to conductive parts of structures, devices, and units;

fire extinguishing agents;

dangerous factors of an explosion that occurred as a result of a fire: a shock wave in the front of which the pressure exceeds the permissible value; flame; collapsing structures, equipment, communications, buildings and structures and their flying parts; harmful substances formed during the explosion and (or) released from damaged equipment, the content of which in the air of the working area exceeds the maximum permissible concentrations.

What measures should be taken in an organization to prevent fires?

To prevent fires at the enterprise, the following measures must be taken:

organizational;

operational;

technical;

regime.

Organizational activities include training of workers fire safety, conducting briefings, lectures, conversations, creating voluntary fire brigades, producing and using means of visual agitation and propaganda, etc.

Operational activities include the correct operation (inspections, repairs, tests) of machines, equipment, vehicles, as well as the correct maintenance of buildings and structures.

Technical measures include compliance with fire safety rules and regulations when designing buildings and structures, installing heating, lighting, ventilation, placing equipment, etc.

Regime measures include establishing procedures for the safe performance of welding and other hot work in fire hazardous areas, smoking areas, etc.

What measures are taken to ensure fire safety in the organization?

In accordance with Article 14 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Fire Safety,” fire safety is ensured by bringing objects into a state that eliminates the possibility of a fire or ensures the protection of people and material assets from fire.

In accordance with GOST 12.1.004. “SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements" fire safety of the facility must be ensured by fire prevention and fire protection systems, including organizational and technical measures.

Fire safety systems must provide for the implementation of necessary measures at all stages of the life cycle of an enterprise and facilities (scientific development, design, construction, operation) and perform one of the following tasks:

prevent the occurrence of fire;

ensure fire safety of people;

ensure fire safety of material assets;

ensure fire safety of people and material assets at the same time.

Fire prevention must be achieved by preventing the formation of a flammable environment and (or) preventing the formation of ignition sources in (or introduction into) a flammable environment. The specified standard (clauses 2.2., 2.3.) provides methods and their combinations that provide solutions to these problems. The most radical of them are the use of fireproof equipment, technological processes, the use of fire protection devices, the elimination of conditions for the occurrence of fire, etc.

Fire protection of people and material assets must be achieved using one of the following methods or combinations thereof:

use of fire extinguishing agents and appropriate types of fire equipment;

use of automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations;

the use of basic building structures and materials, including those used for cladding structures, with standardized fire hazard indicators;

using impregnation of object structures with fire retardants and applying fire-retardant paints (compositions) to their surfaces;

devices that limit the spread of fire;

organizing, using technical means, including automatic, timely notification and evacuation of people;

the use of means of collective and individual protection of people from fire hazards;

use of smoke protection equipment.

Limiting the spread of fire must be achieved using one of the following methods or combinations thereof:

installation of fire barriers;

establishing maximum permissible areas of fire compartments and sections, as well as the number of storeys of buildings and structures, but not more than those specified by standards;

emergency shutdown and switching device for installations and communications;

the use of means that prevent or limit the spillage and spread of liquids during a fire;

use of fire-retarding devices and equipment.

What organizational and technical measures ensure fire safety?

Organizational and technical measures to ensure fire safety should include:

organization of departmental fire safety services;

certification of substances, materials, products, technological processes, buildings and structures of objects in terms of ensuring fire safety;

involving the public in fire safety issues;

organizing training for workers in fire safety rules at work;

development and implementation of fire safety standards and regulations, instructions on the procedure for handling fire hazardous substances and materials, on compliance with fire safety regulations and the actions of people in the event of a fire;

production and use of visual propaganda to ensure fire safety;

the procedure for storing substances and materials that cannot be extinguished using the same means, depending on their physicochemical and fire hazard properties;

rationing the number of people at the facility according to their safety conditions in case of fire;

developing measures for the actions of the administration, workers and employees in the event of a fire and organizing the evacuation of people.

The stated measures are contained in GOST 12.1.004. “SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements", which also provides the main types, quantity, placement and maintenance of fire equipment, which must ensure effective fire extinguishing (firefighting).

What is an organization's fire safety regime?

According to the General Fire Safety Rules of the Republic of Belarus for industrial enterprises (PPB RB 1.01-94), approved by order of the Chief State Inspector of the Republic of Belarus for Fire Supervision dated December 30, 1994 No. 29, (hereinafter for brevity - PPB RB 1.01-94) in each The organization must have a fire safety regime.

The fire safety regime of an enterprise should be understood as a set of fire safety measures when performing work and operating facilities, i.e. a set of fire safety measures and requirements that are pre-established for an object or individual premises and are subject to mandatory compliance by all persons working there.

The fire safety regime is established by rules, instructions, orders or orders of the head of the facility and covers such preventive measures as:

determining the locations and permissible quantities of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products located in the premises at one time;

establishing a procedure for cleaning up flammable waste and dust, storing oily workwear;

determining the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment at the end of the working day and in the event of a fire;

regulating the procedure for carrying out temporary fire and other fire hazardous work; the procedure for inspecting and closing premises after completion of work;

actions of workers upon detection of a fire;

determination of the procedure and timing of fire safety training and fire safety training minimum, as well as the appointment of persons responsible for their implementation;

identification and equipment of smoking areas.

Employees of the organization are obliged to:

know the fire hazard characteristics of substances and materials used or produced (received);

In production, administrative and warehouse premises, telephone numbers must be posted with signs indicating the telephone number of the fire service.

Fire safety measures, as a rule, do not require significant material costs, and their implementation depends on the level of organizational work. Managers and specialists are obliged to ensure constant monitoring of compliance with security measures and to ensure immediate elimination of identified violations.

What is the fire technical minimum?

In order to ensure the competence and awareness of workers on fire safety issues, the organization should conduct fire safety briefings, and in organizations with an increased fire danger, additional classes on a special fire-technical minimum should be conducted.

The fire-technical minimum is carried out with the aim of increasing the general technical knowledge of workers in workshops, warehouses and production plants with increased fire danger, familiarizing them with fire safety rules, as well as for more detailed training of workers in how to use available fire extinguishing means.

The procedure for conducting classes on the fire-technical minimum is announced by order of the head of the enterprise.

Classes in the fire-technical minimum program must be conducted directly in the workshop, warehouse, or production facility.

At industrial enterprises where there are no fire-hazardous workshops, facility-wide groups can be organized to carry out the fire-technical minimum with certain categories of specialists (electric and gas welders, electricians, warehouse workers, etc.).

During fire safety training classes, it is advisable to study the topics outlined in the “Class Program.” This Program is contained in PPB RB 1.01-94 “ General rules fire safety of the Republic of Belarus for industrial enterprises”, approved by order of the Chief State Inspector of the Republic of Belarus for fire supervision dated December 30, 1994 No. 29.

At the end of the training program, employees must receive credits. At the same time, those who have successfully completed training are those who know what to do in case of a fire and how to use fire extinguishing agents, the fire hazard of production installations and units, and facility and workshop fire safety rules (instructions).

For what purposes are fire-technical commissions created and what is the content of their activities?

Fire-technical commissions are created and carry out their activities in accordance with the Regulations on fire-technical commissions, approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated October 13, 1995 No. 571.

According to this Regulation, fire-technical commissions are created in order to attract engineering and technical workers, workers and employees to participate in the work of carrying out fire preventive measures, timely identification and elimination of violations of standards, norms and rules of fire safety, increasing the fire safety of production processes at enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership.

The fire-technical commission is created with the presence of full-time engineering and technical personnel and its composition is approved by order of the head of the enterprise. Management of the work of the fire-technical commission is entrusted to the deputy head of the facility or the chief engineer (technical director). As a rule, it includes the head of the fire service (team, brigade) of the facility, engineering and technical workers - power engineer, technologist, mechanic, safety engineer, specialists in water supply, construction, industrial and fire automation, and other services at the discretion of the facility manager.

Representatives of all public organizations existing at the enterprise can be included in the commission.

The main tasks of the fire technical commission are:

identification of deficiencies in technological production processes, in the operation of machines, units, installations, heating and ventilation systems, as well as in the manufacture and storage of manufactured substances and materials, products that could lead to a fire, explosion or accident, and the development of measures to eliminate them ;

introduction of scientific and technical achievements in fire protection of the enterprise;

determination of the fire safety regime at the enterprise and in its divisions, assistance to the fire service of the enterprise in carrying out preventive work to maintain the established fire safety regime;

organization of rationalization and inventive work on fire safety issues;

conducting explanatory work in teams on compliance with fire safety standards and regulations;

monitoring compliance with fire safety requirements;

preparation of proposals on fire safety issues for inclusion in the collective agreement, etc.

The Fire Technical Commission, at least once every six months, conducts a detailed inspection of compliance with fire safety norms and rules and develops measures to eliminate identified violations, which are documented in an act approved by the head of the enterprise and must be completed within the established time frame.

In its work, the fire-technical commission interacts with interested services and public formations, carrying out diverse activities provided for by the specified Regulations.

For what purposes are voluntary fire brigades and combat crews created and what is the content of their activities?

Voluntary fire brigades and other voluntary firefighting units are created with the aim of involving workers in the implementation of measures to prevent fires and extinguish them.

The activities of voluntary fire brigades and their tasks are set out in the Regulations on voluntary fire brigades at enterprises, institutions and organizations, approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated October 13, 1995 No. 571.

Voluntary fire brigades are created regardless of the presence of other types of fire service and can be general-facility or workshop-based. If there is a general facility fire brigade in workshops, warehouses and other enterprise facilities, crews are organized from among the working shifts.

The size of the squad is determined at the rate of 5 people for every 100 people. In enterprises with up to 100 employees, the number of fire brigades must be at least 10 people.

If the number of employees at an enterprise is less than 15 people, a fire brigade is not created, and responsibilities in case of fire are distributed among employees.

The main tasks of the voluntary fire brigade are:

control over compliance with fire safety regulations;

carrying out explanatory work among employees on compliance with fire safety regulations in the workplace and rules for careful handling of fire at home;

supervision over the serviceability of fire extinguishing equipment and their completeness;

calling the fire service in case of a fire, taking measures to extinguish it using available fire extinguishing means, etc.

How is responsibility for fire safety delineated in the case of renting production space?

Responsibility for compliance with fire safety rules at the enterprise lies with their managers or persons replacing them, as well as owners, in structural units - their managers or persons replacing them.

According to PPB RB 1.01-94, when leasing enterprises, buildings, structures, premises and installations, responsibility for ensuring their fire safety is established in accordance with the lease agreement. If this issue is not regulated in the contract, the lessor is responsible for equipping the rental property with fire protection equipment, providing it with evacuation routes and fire resistance, and the lessee is responsible for complying with the fire safety regime.

It should be borne in mind that other fire safety rules place the responsibility of providing the rented premises with primary fire extinguishing means on the tenant.

What responsibilities are assigned to managers, officials and other employees of the organization to ensure fire safety?

IN general view The responsibilities of managers and officials of the organization to ensure fire safety are set out in the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Fire Safety”.

Heads and other officials of organizations:

ensure fire safety and fire safety regime in relevant organizations;

provide organizational and engineering measures for fire safety in the economic and social development plans of organizations, create, if necessary, an organizational and staffing structure, develop responsibilities and a control system that ensures fire safety at all technological levels and at stages of production activity;

ensure timely implementation of fire prevention measures in accordance with the instructions, conclusions and warnings of state fire supervision authorities;

introduce scientific and technical achievements in the fire protection of facilities, carry out work on invention and rationalization aimed at ensuring the safety of people and reducing the fire danger of technological processes of production;

ensure compliance with and compliance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts of the fire safety regulation and standardization system during the design, construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment and repair of facilities under their jurisdiction, as well as during the manufacture, transportation and use of manufactured substances, materials, products, machines, instruments and equipment;

create freelance fire brigades and organize their work;

organize training of workers in fire safety rules and ensure their participation in preventing and extinguishing fires, do not allow persons who have not undergone fire safety training to work;

ensure the development of an action plan for employees in case of a fire and conduct practical training to handle it;

submit, at the request of state fire supervision authorities, documents on fires and their consequences, information characterizing the state of fire safety of facilities and manufactured products;

take measures against violators of fire safety requirements, recover material damage from those responsible for the fire in accordance with the procedure established by law;

provide, in accordance with the established procedure, in necessary cases, emergency departments and units of the Republic of Belarus with equipment, fuels and lubricants, food and places of rest for personnel when extinguishing fires.

More specifically, the responsibilities of fire safety officials are established in job descriptions.

The manager, by his order (instruction), determines those responsible for fire safety for each division, facility and each individual installation.

Employees are obliged:

know and comply with the requirements of regulatory legal acts of the fire safety regulation and standardization system, which are an integral part of their professional activities;

know and comply with fire safety requirements in production, as well as observe and maintain fire safety regulations;

take precautions when working with flammable and combustible liquids, other fire-hazardous materials and equipment;

know the fire hazard characteristics of substances and materials used or produced (received);

If a fire is detected, report it to fire service and take possible measures to save people, property and extinguish the fire.

Each employee is obliged to know and comply with fire safety requirements both in production and at home, and to provide all possible assistance in extinguishing fires.

What requirements are established to ensure fire safety of industrial buildings and structures?

For each premises, instructions on fire safety measures and technological regulations must determine the maximum amount of flammable substances and materials and their locations.

In industrial buildings and premises, substances and materials used in the technological process and capable of exothermic reactions upon mutual contact must be placed in specially designated areas that do not allow their contact even in emergency situations.

Replacement of substances and materials used in the technological process is allowed only in justified cases and after checking its feasibility, based on the conditions for ensuring fire safety. At the same time, the necessary fire safety measures must be developed and implemented.

The use and storage at enterprises of substances and materials of unknown composition and with unstudied fire and explosion properties must be prohibited.

On the outside of the doors of production and warehouse premises it is necessary to place an indicator of the category for explosion and fire hazard and the class of the zone according to the Electrical Regulations. An information card on fire safety measures must be additionally placed on the doors of rooms of categories A and B in accordance with Appendix 5 to PPB RB 1.01-94.

The surfaces of walls, ceilings, floors, structures and equipment of rooms where there are emissions of flammable dust, shavings, etc., must be systematically cleaned. The frequency of cleaning is determined by the order of the enterprise and is indicated in the relevant instructions on fire safety measures.

To monitor the state of the air in production and warehouse premises in which substances and materials capable of forming explosive concentrations of gases and vapors are used, produced or stored, automatic gas analyzers must be installed.

Metal shavings, oily cleaning materials and flammable industrial waste must be removed as they accumulate into metal boxes with tight-fitting lids and removed from production premises to specially designated areas and areas at the end of the shift.

It is not allowed to install any devices that prevent the normal closing of fire or smoke doors (devices).

At the intersection of fire walls, partitions, ceilings and enclosing structures with various engineering and technological communications, the resulting holes and gaps must be filled to the full thickness with mortar or other non-combustible materials that provide the required fire resistance and smoke and gas tightness.

When remodeling premises, changing their functional purpose or installing new technological equipment, design documentation for these works must be developed taking into account compliance with the fire safety requirements of current fire safety standards and regulations.

In enterprise buildings, it is prohibited to remove the doors of lobbies, halls, corridors, vestibules, staircases and premises provided for by the design.

The windows of attics, technical floors and basements must be glazed, and their doors must be kept closed. The doors should indicate where the keys are kept.

The pits of light openings in the basement and ground floors of buildings and structures must be regularly cleared of flammable debris. It is not allowed to tightly close the indicated pits and windows.

Mechanisms for self-closing and sealing in fire doors must be kept in good condition.

Systems for transporting chips and dust materials must be equipped with devices to prevent the spread of fire and hatches to eliminate fires.

Containers for collecting wood and other explosive dust from aspiration and pneumatic transport systems must be equipped with anti-explosion devices that are in good condition.

When laying gas, flammable liquid and gas pipelines in buildings and structures, it is necessary to:

hermetically seal openings (gaps, leaks, etc.) where pipelines pass through building structures with non-combustible materials for the entire thickness of the structure;

paint pipelines in accordance with the requirements of current standards.

At the enterprise, for each workshop (production operation), a procedure must be established for replacing oily workwear with clean ones.

These and other requirements for ensuring fire safety of industrial buildings and structures are set out in the General Fire Safety Rules of the Republic of Belarus for industrial enterprises (PPB 1.01-94), as well as in the relevant industry fire safety rules.

What fire safety requirements are established for the maintenance of the organization’s territory?

Fire safety requirements for the organization's territory are set out in PPB RB 1.01-94, as well as in the relevant industry fire safety rules.

These requirements are as follows:

the territory must have a network of roads and fire passages with exits to public roads;

the territory must be kept clean, and roads, bridges and crossings must be in good repair;

the territory and roads must be illuminated and regularly cleared of dry grass and leaves, and in winter, roads and crossings to fire water sources must be cleared of snow and ice;

when constructing dead-end roads, at the end of the dead-end there must be turning areas for fire trucks (size no less than 12x12 m), on which storage of materials, products, and parking of vehicles is not allowed;

the placement of vehicles must be carried out according to the developed scheme; when loading and unloading operations are carried out, there must always be free passage for fire trucks;

when opening entrance gates mechanically, there must be a device that allows manual opening;

when closing driveways and sections of roads, detour routes must be provided and appropriate road signs must be installed;

special places must be allocated for smoking, making fires and using open fires;

at the entrance to the territory, a traffic diagram indicating fire passages and sources of fire water supply should be posted;

the territory must be assigned to specific units in order to maintain a fire regime there.

The head of the enterprise is obliged to establish control over compliance with fire breaks at the enterprise, between the enterprise and neighboring objects, residential and public buildings.

All buildings and structures of the enterprise must be provided with free access. It is not allowed to block driveways and entrances to buildings and fire water sources. It is forbidden to store flammable materials, equipment and inventory in fire breaks between buildings and structures, or use them for parking vehicles.

Closing passages and sections of roads (for repairs) is permitted only with the permission of the head of the enterprise, subject to the presence of bypass routes and the installation of appropriate road signs.

The construction and placement of temporary buildings and structures on the territory of the enterprise is prohibited.

Indiscriminate storage of materials, products, parts, equipment, etc. is prohibited on the territory of the enterprise. Storage is permitted in specialized areas located taking into account fire breaks from buildings and structures.

On the territory of enterprises it is necessary to have devices or devices for signaling a fire.

Specific fire safety requirements for the maintenance of territories are set out in industry regulations.

What fire safety measures must be observed when operating electrical installations?

These measures are set out in PPB RB 1.01-94 and are as follows.

Electrical networks and electrical equipment of enterprises must meet the fire safety requirements of current regulatory documents.

In order to ensure fire safety during the operation of electrical installations, the enterprise establishes a procedure for putting electrical installations into operation after installation, scheduled maintenance and other repairs and tests, and also appoints persons responsible for ensuring fire safety during the operation of electrical installations in workshops, warehouses, and areas .

Heads of structural divisions and facilities where electrical installations are operated (used) are obliged to prevent violations of the rules for operating electrical equipment, and if faults or deviations in the operation of electrical installations are identified, take measures to shut them down by reporting the malfunction to the person responsible for the operation of electrical installations.

Electrical equipment for which there are technical specifications or other regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner is allowed for installation and operation at enterprises.

Electrical equipment must be installed and operated for its intended purpose and in compliance with the requirements established by the regulatory documentation for it.

Electrical installations must be operated in accordance with the design documentation. When installing and connecting during operation additional electrical equipment not provided for by the design, appropriate documentation must be developed and the admissibility of such connection to the existing electrical network must be determined.

In fire and explosion hazardous areas of all classes, the use of cables and wires with polyethylene insulation and cables in a polyethylene sheath is prohibited.

All electrical installations must be provided with devices for protection against short circuit currents and other abnormal operating conditions.

Connection, termination and branching of wires and cables must be made using crimping, welding, soldering or special clamps.

The insulation resistance of wires and cables should be measured periodically. It is prohibited to operate wires and cables whose insulation resistance does not meet the requirements of regulatory documents.

The construction and operation of temporary electrical networks is not permitted, except for the cases specified in regulatory documents.

The distance from lamps and other electrical installations to combustible materials must be at least 0.5 m. Electrical installations must be periodically cleaned of combustible dust or deposits, preventing their accumulation. The frequency of cleaning should be specified in the fire safety instructions.

After completion of work, all electrical installations in the premises, with the exception of special purposes, must be turned off.

In warehouses with fire hazard areas, the use of electric heating devices and devices with detachable contact connections is prohibited.

When operating electrical installations, it is prohibited:

use electrical equipment whose surface heating during operation exceeds the ambient temperature by more than 40 °C, unless other requirements are imposed on it;

use cables and wires with damaged insulation, as well as those that have lost their protective electrical insulating properties during operation;

leave live wires and cables with bare ends, as well as unused electrical networks;

use damaged or faulty sockets, junction boxes, switches, protective devices and other electrical installation products;

cover and paint electrical wires, tie them into knots, hang lamps, installation electrical equipment and other items directly on the wires;

turn on electrical installations that automatically turn off during a short circuit or overload currents, without identifying and eliminating the reasons for the shutdown;

turn on electrical installations that are not provided with protection devices;

overload wires and cables beyond their rated parameters;

change the protection (thermal elements, fuses, etc.) of electrical equipment with other types of protection or protection with other nominal parameters for which this electrical equipment is not designed;

lay electrical wires and cables directly inside combustible structures and under combustible finishing materials.

Every year, before the start of the thunderstorm season, the resistance of lightning protection grounding conductors of buildings and structures must be measured.

How is fire safety of ventilation systems ensured?

Measures to ensure fire safety of ventilation systems are set out in PPB RB 1.01-94 and consist of the following.

The head of the enterprise must appoint an official responsible for the technical condition, serviceability and compliance with fire safety requirements during the operation of ventilation systems. The enterprise must develop instructions defining the operational and emergency operating modes of ventilation units, which must include fire safety measures, cleaning periods for air ducts, fire-retarding valves and other equipment, and also determine the procedure for operating personnel in the event of a fire.

Personnel on duty supervising ventilation units are required to conduct scheduled preventive inspections of fans, air ducts, fire-retarding valves, filters, grounding devices and take measures to eliminate any malfunctions or violations of their operating mode that could cause the occurrence or spread of a fire.

Equipment and air ducts of exhaust systems must be cleaned of flammable deposits only with the fans turned off, using non-sparking tools. It is prohibited to clean ventilation systems from flammable deposits using open flame.

Checking, preventive inspection and cleaning of ventilation equipment must be carried out according to a schedule approved by the head of the enterprise or department. The results of the inspection are recorded in a special journal.

It is not allowed to operate technological equipment in fire and explosion hazardous areas with faulty hydrofilters, dry filters, dust suction, dust collection and other ventilation system devices.

Storing any equipment or materials in ventilation chambers is prohibited. Ventilation chambers must be locked at all times. Entry of unauthorized persons into the ventilation chambers is prohibited; a corresponding notice is placed on the doors.

If a fire occurs in the production room, in the ventilation chamber, in the air ducts or in any part of the ventilation system, you should immediately turn off the fans, report the incident to the fire service, the enterprise administration and take measures to extinguish the fire.

When operating automatic fire-retarding valves, you must:

check their general technical condition at least once a week;

promptly clean sensitive elements of valve drives from contamination by dust and other deposits (low-fusible locks, combustible inserts, heat-sensitive elements, etc.);

carry out their revision within the time limits established by the scheduled preventive maintenance (PPR) schedule, but at least once a year. The results must be documented and entered into the passports of the relevant ventilation units.

To prevent a fire, a running electric motor of the ventilation unit must be immediately disconnected from the power supply in the following cases:

occurrence of strong vibration of the electric motor or fan;

overheating of bearings or housing 40 of an electric motor or fan;

signs of motor overload appearing (humming, smell of burnt insulation);

appearance of fire and smoke from the electric motor.

When operating fans, it is necessary to systematically monitor in order to:

the gland seals of explosion-proof fans were in good condition;

the impeller blades had no dents, bends or tears;

the impellers were balanced, ran smoothly and did not touch the casing;

the nuts and locknuts of the bolts securing the fan to the base were securely tightened;

The fan grounding devices were in good condition.

In addition to the above, other fire safety requirements must be met.

What should workers do if a fire is detected?

Managers and other officials must ensure that a plan of action for workers in the event of a fire is developed and practical training is carried out to deal with it.

The employee action plan in case of a fire is approved by the head of the enterprise. The head of the enterprise is obliged to organize practical training to practice actions in case of fire at least twice a year.

In the event of a fire, the actions of workers and facility administrations should, first of all, be aimed at ensuring the safety and evacuation of people.

If a fire is detected, you must:

immediately report this to the fire service (and clearly state the address of the institution, the location of the fire, your position and surname, and also report the presence of people in the building);

activate the fire warning system;

take measures to evacuate people;

notify the director of the enterprise or his replacement about the fire;

organize a meeting of fire departments;

begin to extinguish the fire using available means.

In the event of a fire, heads of departments, facilities and other officials are obliged to:

check whether the fire has been reported to the fire service;

organize the evacuation of people, take measures to prevent panic among those present;

allocate the required number of people to ensure control and escort of evacuees;

organize fire extinguishing using available means;

send personnel who are well aware of the location of access roads and water sources to organize a meeting and accompany fire service units to the fire site;

remove from the danger zone all workers and other persons not involved in evacuating people and extinguishing the fire;

stop all work not related to the evacuation of people and fire suppression;

organize shutdowns of electricity and gas supply networks, technological equipment, ventilation and air conditioning systems;

ensure the safety of people taking part in evacuation and fire suppression from possible structural collapses, exposure to elevated temperatures, toxic combustion products, damage electric shock and so on.;

organize the evacuation of material assets from the danger zone, determine their storage locations and ensure their protection.

What are primary fire extinguishing agents and how should they be maintained?

In case of fire, buildings, structures and premises must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means:

fire extinguishers;

barrels of water and buckets (in the absence of an internal fire water supply);

boxes with sand and shovels;

felt, felt.

The types, quantity and order of placement of primary fire extinguishing means are regulated by the Standards for the provision of primary fire extinguishing means (see Appendix 6 to PPB RB 1.01-94).

To indicate the location of primary fire extinguishing means, signs according to STB 1392-2003 are used. “Fire safety standards system. Signal colors. Fire safety signs. General technical requirements. Test methods".

To place primary fire extinguishing means in production and other premises, as well as on the territory of the enterprise, special fire posts (boards) are installed.

At fire stations (panelboards) only those primary fire extinguishing means that can be used in a given room, structure, or installation are located.

Fire extinguishing equipment and fire stations are painted in colors according to STB 1392-2003. “Fire safety standards system. Signal colors. Fire safety signs. General technical requirements. Test methods".

Shut-off valves (taps, lever valves, neck caps) of fire extinguishers must be sealed. Used fire extinguishers, as well as fire extinguishers with broken seals, must be immediately removed for inspection and recharging.

Foam fire extinguishers of all types, located on the street or in an unheated room, must be moved to a heated room before the onset of negative temperatures, and signs indicating their new location must be installed in their place.

Water storage containers must have a volume of at least 200 liters and be equipped with a lid and bucket.

Sand boxes should have a volume of 0.5 cubic meters; 1 cubic meter; 3.0 cubic meters and equipped with a shovel. Before filling the box, the sand must be sifted and dried.

The canvas or felt must have dimensions of 1x1 m; 2x1.5 m; 2x2 m, they should be stored in metal or plastic cases with lids.

What are the features of extinguishing fires in electrical installations?

The peculiarities of fire extinguishing in electrical installations are due to the fact that the dangerous factors of fire affecting people are complemented by dangerous factors causing electric current.

The procedure for extinguishing fires in electrical installations is established in the Instructions for extinguishing fires in electrical installations, approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus and the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Belarus dated May 28, 2004 No. 20/15 (with subsequent amendments and additions).

The requirements of this Instruction may be specified in the local regulatory legal acts of the organization. They, in particular, reflect the requirements for training, instruction and testing of knowledge on these issues.

As a rule, extinguishing fires in electrical installations is carried out after they are turned off. If it is impossible to relieve tension when extinguishing a fire, it is necessary to comply with the special safety measures established by the specified Instructions.

Fire extinguishing in electrical installations with voltages up to 110 kV by emergency departments is carried out with written permission and an operational fire extinguishing card. The permit is issued by an employee on duty at a power facility shift who has an electrical safety group of at least IV and who has received this right on the basis of an order (instruction, direction) from the head of the organization.

Compact and sprayed water jets, non-flammable gases and powder compositions, as well as combined compositions (sprayed water with powder) using hand-held fire nozzles are used as fire extinguishing agents when extinguishing fires in these electrical installations that are under voltage. Extinguishing fires in the specified electrical installations with all types of foam using manual fire extinguishing agents is prohibited.

According to the specified Instructions, an operational plan for extinguishing fires in the organization’s electrical installations must be developed, which establishes the procedure for interaction between employees of the organization, the electric power facility and emergency departments and the conditions for ensuring their safety. Responsibility for the development of this plan rests with the head of the territorial authority and emergency department and the head of the organization.

Operational cards for fire extinguishing are developed by employees of emergency departments and employees of the organization.

The Instructions provide for the actions of the organization's employees in the event of a fire (reporting a fire, evacuating workers not involved in extinguishing the fire, turning on an automatic fire extinguishing system, turning off electrical equipment, extinguishing the fire with their own resources and means, etc.).

The instructions also establish that to manage fire extinguishing, a headquarters is created, which is headed by the head of the organization or specialists allocated by him.

How are fire investigations carried out?

Fire investigations are carried out by state fire supervision authorities and the police, who have the right to conduct inspections, inquiries, preliminary investigations with the implementation of all necessary investigative actions, and demand Required documents, give instructions, etc.

At the same time, every case of fire and combustion, regardless of their consequences, is subject to investigation by a commission created by the head of the organization, which, as a rule, includes a representative of the State Fire Supervision.

The main task of the commission is to establish the cause of the fire or fire, as well as the persons who committed violations of fire safety rules and regulations

Establishing the cause of a fire is the main element of the investigation and is associated with a number of difficulties, which are explained by the complexity of the phenomenon itself - the fire, as well as the destruction of data during the fire that contribute to the investigation of its cause.

The investigation also determines the amount of damage caused by the fire. In this case, damage (loss) from fires must be taken into account in full, regardless of whether the losses are compensated or not. Costs associated with the elimination of fires and fires are not included in the amount of material damage taken into account.

During the internal investigation, it is established what was destroyed and damaged by fire (characteristics of buildings, structures, quantity of destroyed or damaged materials, products, equipment). If there are accidents with people, it is necessary to indicate the names, ages, places of work and positions of the victims and the circumstances.

During the investigation, it is also established which production was suspended and for how long, which production facilities were disabled, the causes and circumstances of the fire, persons who improperly performed their duties to ensure fire safety, etc.

Based on the results of the investigation, the head of the organization ensures the development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences and causes of the fire or fire. The results and measures taken are reported to higher organizations.

In order to prevent fires and develop measures to prevent them, each organization, in accordance with current legislation, records and analyzes fires and fires, as well as submits established state statistical reports.

Republican government bodies, local executive and administrative bodies, as well as other organizations are required to submit information about fires that occurred at their facilities and territories to the territorial bodies of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus.

State accounting of fires and their consequences is carried out by the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus.

What is the established liability for violations of fire safety requirements?

Responsibility for violation of fire safety requirements is determined by the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Fire Safety”, the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses, the Labor Code of the Republic of Belarus.

Persons who violate or fail to comply with the requirements of standards, norms and rules of fire safety, instructions, conclusions, resolutions, protocols of state fire supervision authorities, as well as persons responsible for causing fires, bear disciplinary, financial, administrative and criminal liability in accordance with current legislation The Republic of Belarus.

According to Article 304 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, for violations of fire safety rules, depending on the severity of the consequences, punishment is provided in the form of a fine, arrest, deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities, restriction or imprisonment. This article provides for a maximum term of imprisonment of seven years.

The Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses establishes that violation of fire safety rules and the requirements of regulatory documents of the fire safety regulation and standardization system (Article 23.56) entails a warning or a fine of up to thirty basic units, and for a legal entity - up to two hundred basic units.

Violation of fire safety rules by a person responsible for their implementation, resulting in a fire, entails a fine in the amount of thirty to fifty basic units.

Special articles of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses also establish liability for other violations of fire safety requirements:

violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands (Article 15.29);

burning of dry vegetation, standing grass, as well as stubble and crop residues in fields or failure to take measures to eliminate fires (Article 15.57);

lighting fires in prohibited places (Article 15.58);

violation of fire safety rules on public transport, on roads and road structures (Article 18.11), etc.

For violations of fire safety rules, employees may be subject to disciplinary and financial liability (see answer to question 1.55.).

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Introduction

Fires cause enormous material damage and in some cases are accompanied by loss of life. Therefore, fire protection is most important responsibility every member of society and is carried out on a national scale.

Fire protection is aimed at finding the most effective, economically feasible and technically sound methods and means for preventing fires and extinguishing them with minimal damage with the most rational use of forces and technical means of extinguishing.

Fire safety is a condition of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in case of its occurrence, the necessary measures are taken to eliminate it negative influence fire hazards on people, structures and material assets

Fire safety can be ensured by fire prevention measures and active fire protection. Fire prevention includes a set of measures aimed at preventing a fire or reducing its consequences. Active fire protection - measures that ensure the successful fight against fires or explosive situations.

The totality of forces and means, as well as measures of a legal, organizational, economic, social, scientific and technical nature, form a fire safety system.

The main elements of the fire safety system are government bodies, local governments, enterprises and citizens who take part in ensuring fire safety in accordance with the law. Russian Federation.

1. Causes of the fireat production facilities

Production facilities are characterized by an increased fire hazard, as they are characterized by the complexity of production processes; the presence of significant quantities of flammable liquids and gases, liquefied flammable gases, solid combustible materials; large equipment with electrical installations and more.

1) Violation of the technological regime - 33%.

2) Malfunction of electrical equipment - 16%.

3) Poor preparation for equipment repair - 13%.

4) Spontaneous combustion of oily rags and other materials - 10%

Sources of ignition can be open fire of technological installations, red-hot or heated walls of apparatus and equipment, sparks from electrical equipment, static electricity, sparks from impact and friction of machine and equipment parts, etc.

As well as violation of the rules and regulations for the storage of fire hazardous materials, careless handling of fire, the use of open flames, torches, blowtorches, smoking in prohibited places, failure to comply with fire safety measures for fire water supply equipment, fire alarms, provision of primary fire extinguishing equipment, etc.

As practice shows, an accident of even one large unit, accompanied by a fire and explosion, for example, in the chemical industry they often accompany one another, can lead to very serious consequences not only for the production itself and the people serving it, but also for the environment. In this regard, it is extremely important to correctly assess the fire and explosion hazard of the technological process already at the design stage, to identify possible reasons accidents, identify dangerous factors and scientifically substantiate the choice of methods and means of fire and explosion prevention and protection.

An important factor in carrying out this work is knowledge of the processes and conditions of combustion and explosion, the properties of substances and materials used in the technological process, methods and means of protection against fire and explosion.

2. Fire prevention measures

They are divided into organizational, technical, regime and operational.

Organizational events: provide for the correct operation of machines and in-plant transport, the correct maintenance of buildings and territories, and fire safety instructions.

Technical activities: compliance with fire safety rules and regulations when designing buildings, installing electrical wires and equipment, heating, ventilation, lighting, correct placement of equipment.

Regular events- prohibition of smoking in undesignated places, prohibition of welding and other hot work in fire hazardous areas, etc.

Operational measures- timely preventive maintenance, inspections, repairs and testing of process equipment.

3. Rights and obligations of enterprises

The Law “On Fire Safety” grants the following rights to enterprises;

Create, reorganize and liquidate in the prescribed manner fire departments, which they maintain at their own expense, including on the basis of agreements with the State Fire Service;

Make proposals to state authorities and local governments to ensure fire safety;

Carry out work to establish the causes and circumstances of fires that occurred at enterprises;

Establish measures for social and economic incentives to ensure fire safety;

Receive information on fire safety issues, including in the prescribed manner from government authorities and fire departments.

The law also imposes the following obligations on enterprises:

Comply with fire safety requirements, as well as comply with orders, regulations and other legal requirements of fire officials;

Develop and implement measures to ensure fire safety;

Conduct fire prevention propaganda, as well as train their employees in fire safety measures;

Include fire safety issues in the collective agreement (agreement);

Create and maintain, in accordance with established standards, management bodies and fire departments, including on the basis of agreements with the State Fire Service;

Provide assistance to the fire department in extinguishing fires, establishing the causes and conditions of their occurrence and development, as well as in identifying persons guilty of violating fire safety requirements and causing fires;

To provide, in accordance with the established procedure, when extinguishing fires on the territories of enterprises, the necessary forces and means, fuels and lubricants, as well as food and rest places for fire department personnel involved in combat operations to extinguish fires, and forces involved in extinguishing fires;

Provide access to fire department officials, when performing their official duties on the territory, to buildings, structures and other facilities of enterprises;

Provide, at the request of officials of the State Fire Service, information and documents on the state of fire safety at enterprises, including the fire hazard of the products they produce, as well as fires that occurred on their territory and their consequences;

Immediately report fires, malfunctions of existing systems and fire protection equipment, and changes in the condition of roads and passages to the fire department.

According to the Fire Safety Rules, at each enterprise, an order (instruction) must establish a fire safety regime corresponding to their fire hazard, including:

Smoking areas have been designated and equipped;

The locations and permissible quantities of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products located in the premises at one time have been determined;

A procedure has been established for the removal of flammable waste and dust, and the storage of oily workwear;

The procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in the event of a fire and at the end of the working day has been determined;

regulated:

The procedure for carrying out temporary fire and other fire hazardous work;

The procedure for inspecting and closing premises after completion of work;

Actions of workers upon detection of a fire;

the procedure and timing of fire safety training and fire safety training have been determined, and those responsible for their implementation have been appointed.

In buildings and structures (except residential buildings) where more than 10 people are on the floor at a time, plans (schemes) for evacuation of people in the event of a fire must be developed and posted in visible places, and a system (installation) for warning people about a fire must be provided.

The manager of a facility with a large population of people (50 people or more), in addition to a schematic plan for evacuation of people in case of fire, is obliged to develop instructions defining the actions of personnel to ensure the safe and quick evacuation of people, according to which practical training should be carried out for all involved at least once every six months for the evacuation of workers.

For facilities with people staying at night (kindergartens, boarding schools, hospitals, etc.), the instructions should provide for two options for action: during the day and at night.

Managers of enterprises where dangerous (explosive) highly toxic substances are used, processed and stored are required to provide fire departments with information about them necessary to ensure the safety of personnel involved in extinguishing the fire and carrying out priority rescue operations at these enterprises.

The territory of enterprises within the fire breaks between buildings, structures and open warehouses must be promptly cleared of flammable waste, garbage, containers, fallen leaves, dry grass, etc.

Combustible waste, garbage, etc. should be collected at specially designated areas in containers or boxes and then removed.

Fire breaks between buildings and structures, stacks of timber, lumber, other materials and equipment are not permitted to be used for storing materials, equipment and containers, for parking vehicles and for the construction (installation) of buildings and structures.

Roads, driveways, entrances and passages to buildings, structures, open warehouses and water sources used for fire extinguishing, approaches to stationary fire escapes and fire equipment must always be free, maintained in good condition, and in winter be cleared of snow and ice.

For all production and storage premises, explosion and fire hazard categories must be determined, as well as a zone class according to the Electrical Installation Rules, which must be marked on the doors of the premises.

Standard safety signs (signs, signs) should be posted near equipment that has an increased fire hazard.

One of the conditions for ensuring fire and explosion safety of any production process is the elimination of possible ignition sources.

4. Fire prevention

Fire breaks

To prevent the spread of fire from one building to another, fire breaks are installed between them. When determining fire breaks, it is assumed that the greatest danger in relation to possible ignition of neighboring buildings and structures is thermal radiation from the fire source. The amount of heat received by a building adjacent to a burning object depends on the properties of combustible materials and flame temperature, the size of the radiating surface, the area of light openings, the flammability group of enclosing structures, the presence of fire barriers, the relative position of buildings, meteorological conditions, etc.

Fire barriers

These include walls, partitions, ceilings, doors, gates, hatches, airlocks and windows. Fire walls must be made of fireproof materials, have a fire resistance rating of at least 2.5 hours and rest on foundations. Fire walls are designed for stability, taking into account the possibility of one-sided collapse of ceilings and other structures in the event of a fire.

Fire doors, windows and gates in fire walls must have a fire resistance rating of at least 1.2 hours, and fire ceilings must have a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. Such ceilings should not have openings or openings through which combustion products can penetrate during a fire.

Evacuation routes

When designing buildings, it is necessary to provide for the safe evacuation of people in case of fire. If a fire occurs, people must leave the building within a minimum time, which is determined by the shortest distance from their location to the exit outside.

Number emergency exits from buildings, premises and from each floor of buildings is determined by calculation, but must be at least two. Emergency exits should be located dispersedly. At the same time, elevators and other mechanical means of transporting people are not taken into account in the calculations. The width of sections of escape routes must be at least 1 m, and the doors on escape routes must be at least 0.8 m. The width of external doors of staircases must be no less than the width of the flight of stairs, the height of the passage on escape routes must be at least 2 m. When designing buildings and structures for the evacuation of people, the following types of staircases and staircases should be provided: smoke-free staircases (connected with the external air zone or equipped with technical devices for pressurizing air); closed cells with natural light through windows in the outer walls; closed staircases without natural light; internal open stairs (without enclosing interior walls); external open stairs. For buildings with height differences, fire escapes should be provided.

5. List of fire safety documentation, catoraya should be at the enterprise

1. Fire safety briefing log.

2. General facility instructions or orders for the enterprise establishing the appropriate fire safety regime:

· designated smoking areas;

· procedure for cleaning and storing flammable waste;

· cleaning material, oiled rags;

· procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment;

· raw materials and semi-finished products stored in the premises at the same time;

· the procedure for conducting hot work is regulated;

· actions of workers in case of fire, operational extinguishing plan;

· procedure for conducting training and fire safety briefings;

· securing fire fighting equipment and equipment;

· those responsible for fire safety and the actions of workers in case of fire.

3. Instructions on fire safety measures.

4. Fire evacuation plan (scheme), evacuation instructions.

5. Instructions on the procedure for personnel to act upon when the fire alarm system is activated.

6. Vehicle placement plan.

General provisions (detailed legislative version)

1. The following fire safety documentation must be developed at each enterprise:

1.1. General facility instructions on enterprise fire safety measures.

1.2. Instructions for fire safety of buildings, premises and structures.

1.3. Instructions for maintenance of fire extinguishing installations.

1.4. Instructions for servicing fire alarm installations.

1.5. Operational fire extinguishing plan for an enterprise, building, building or structure.

1.6. A plan for the elimination of possible emergency incidents (explosion, accident, fire) with the involvement of employees of the services of the chief power engineer, chief mechanic, chief technologist, fire and paramilitary (military) security.

1.7. Plans and schedules for fire drills, training, and testing of personnel knowledge, technical supervision of fire protection systems, as well as other documentation in accordance with the requirements of these Rules

2. Instructions for fire safety, maintenance of fire detection and extinguishing installations and other documents developed at the enterprise must be based on current rules and instructions and located in the relevant structural units

3. General facility instructions are approved by the head of the enterprise. The instruction should define the following basic requirements:

3.3. To the fire safety regime and the responsibilities of all workers at the enterprise to maintain it.

3.4. To the organization and permission to perform one-time and. temporary work by contractors and third parties at the enterprise.

4. Instructions on fire safety measures for buildings, premises and structures are developed by the management of the relevant departments, coordinated with the fire department and approved by the head of the enterprise. These instructions must contain the following specific fire safety requirements:

4.1. The category of industrial and warehouse premises in terms of explosion and fire hazard, depending on the quantity and fire and explosion properties of the substances and materials located (processed) in them, taking into account the characteristics of the technological processes of the production facilities carried out in them, as well as the explosive zone and the PUE.

4.2. Special fire-fighting measures for production processes. observation of which may cause a fire.

4.3. Fire safety measures at technological installations. devices and units in preparation for putting them into operation and after repair.

4.4. Procedures and standards for storing flammable substances and materials in a workshop, laboratory, warehouse, workshop, etc.

4.5. The mode of use of apparatus with open fire and the organization of specially equipped areas for carrying out constant flammable work (electric welding, gas cutting).

4.6. The procedure for receiving, transporting, collecting, storing and removing combustible materials from premises, maintaining household premises, storing workwear, etc.

4.7. The procedure for maintaining existing fire extinguishing equipment and the distribution of responsibilities for technical supervision of them.

4.8. Determining the actions of personnel in the event of a fire, methods of calling the fire department, as well as other measures.

4.9. The procedure for stopping technological equipment, turning off ventilation, the rules for using fire extinguishing agents, the procedure for evacuating personnel, products and material assets, as well as flammable and other materials that can cause an explosion, create a dangerous situation or contribute to the spread of a fire. The procedure for inspecting and bringing premises into a fire-safe condition.

5. Instructions for the operation of water supply systems, fire detection and extinguishing installations must be developed on the basis of current instructions, standard rules for the technical maintenance of fire automatic installations, as well as design documentation and passport data for the installed equipment and approved by the management of the enterprise. The instructions should regulate:

5.1. Delineation of areas of responsibility for the maintenance of fire protection and water supply installations between the relevant departments of the enterprise.

5.2. The procedure for technical supervision of technological equipment and its repair, supervision of automation and control systems, taking into account labor safety requirements.

5.3. Requirements for maintaining technical documentation.

5.4. Requirements for personnel training, as well as responsibility for maintaining fire protection and water supply installations. The instructions may include other requirements based on local operating conditions.

6. In the operating instructions for equipment, installations, means and systems of power supply, protection, and communications, specific fire safety requirements and responsibilities of personnel in the event of a fire should be included in a separate section.

7. For fire- and fire-explosive industries, high-rise and unique buildings (structures), it is necessary to develop operational fire extinguishing plans and periodically carry out their testing.

8. Operational fire extinguishing plans are developed by fire department employees and approved by the fire chief and the head of the enterprise.

9. The operational fire extinguishing plan should consist of text and graphic parts. The operational fire extinguishing plan is the main document that determines: the actions of enterprise personnel in the event of a fire; procedure for interaction with visiting fire departments; conditions for introducing forces and means to extinguish a fire, taking into account labor safety requirements; rational installation of fire equipment, etc.

10. The operational fire extinguishing plan should be reviewed and adjusted in the event of:

10.1. Expansion or reconstruction of a building, structure, workshop.

10.2. Identified deficiencies in the intended actions of personnel and fire departments when extinguishing a fire or fire drills.

11. Re-approval of operational fire extinguishing plans should be carried out when there is a change in the head of the enterprise or the chief of the fire department.

12. The main provisions of operational fire extinguishing plans should be communicated to enterprise employees during fire safety training and periodic briefings.

Conclusion

In order to prevent the possibility of a fire occurring at an enterprise, or at least reduce the possible damage if it does occur, it is necessary to comply with the fire safety rules, conduct mandatory training of workers on fire safety rules, carry out mandatory checks of the condition of fire alarm systems, fire barriers, condition electrical networks and lightning protection systems, condition of emergency exits.

Everyone working at the enterprise (regardless of their position) is obliged to clearly know and strictly follow the established fire safety rules, and to avoid actions that could lead to a fire or fire.

Heads of consumer service enterprises, bases, warehouses, as well as heads of workshops, shop managers and other officials guilty of violating these rules, depending on the nature of the violations and their consequences, are held accountable in the manner prescribed by law.

Enterprise managers are given the right to impose administrative penalties on violators of fire safety rules and requirements. In the event of a gross violation, the head of the enterprise has the right to raise the issue of bringing the perpetrator to justice.

For each enterprise (shop, laboratory, workshop, warehouse, etc.), based on the Standard Fire Safety Rules for Industrial Enterprises, general facility and workshop instructions on fire safety measures are developed. The instructions should reflect the basic fire safety requirements for a given workshop or production site (on the maintenance of premises, evacuation routes, enterprise territory, roads, approaches to sources of fire-fighting water supply, approaches and entrances to buildings and structures; conditions and standards for the storage of substances and materials in workshops , warehouses, storerooms and other premises; places where open fire and smoking are used, etc.). The instructions on fire safety measures also establish the procedure for using fire extinguishing agents and calling fire assistance in the event of a fire at the enterprise. The procedure for storing flammable liquids and flammable liquids, collecting, storing and disposing of cleaning materials and industrial combustible waste, maintaining and storing workwear, as well as the responsibilities and actions of workers and employees in case of a fire are determined.

WITHlist of used literature

fire prevention industrial

1. “Life safety. Occupational Safety and Health". A.V. Frolov, I: Phoenix, 2005

2. “Life safety.” Belov S.V., Ilnitskaya A.V., Kozyakov A.F. and others. 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Higher School, 1999.

3. “Collection of governing documents of the State Fire Service”, GUGPS, M., 1997.

4. “Safety Guide”, Dolin P.A. Moscow, Energoizdat, 1982

5. “Life safety.” Part 1. Afanasyev Yu.G. / Ovcharenko A.G., Alt. State Publishing House. tech. University, 2006

6. “Labor safety of workers and employees” Gorshenin K.P.M., “Legal literature”, 1971

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Causes of fires in production

The main causes of fires in production are: disruption of technological processes, malfunction of electrical appliances and equipment, spontaneous combustion of flammable materials, and insufficient training of employees.

Fire safety at work implies compliance with all requirements and requirements of the relevant standards and instructions.

At large enterprises, management creates special engineering departments, staffed by specialists whose main responsibility is to monitor compliance with standards, regulations, and in addition, they help quickly resolve issues that arise during the construction of buildings or the installation of new equipment. Such specialized engineering departments make it possible not to involve third-party companies to resolve issues related to fire safety in production, and therefore save the enterprise money.

Fire safety in the office

In the last few decades, the problem of offices has become especially acute. This is where most employees and employers do not realize the extent of the potential threat from fire.

Fire safety at work, compared to safety in the office, seems more difficult to achieve. However, in the first case, employees are fully aware of the degree of threat, and as a result they find themselves in a more advantageous situation.

In order to change the current situation, it is necessary to strictly comply with all requirements, recommendations and rules, namely:

Install a fire alarm;

5. Fire prevention: training of workers, assignment responsible persons, organization of fire protection, etc.

Fire safety in production and in the office is supported by preventive measures. They help reduce the number of fires, minimize possible material damage and reduce the number of injuries sustained in a fire.

Causes of fires at telecommunications enterprises

They can be electrical or non-electrical in nature

Electric character:

sparking in electrical devices, machines

electrostatic discharges and lightning strikes

short circuit currents and significant overloads of wires and windings of electrical devices, causing them to heat up to high temperatures

poor contacts at the junction of the wires, leading to an increase in the contact resistance at which the a large number of heat

an electric arc that occurs during electric arc welding or as a result of erroneous operations with switching equipment

release of oxygen and hydrogen when charging batteries (oxygen and hydrogen are released from the electrolyte, which mix with air and, if ventilation is insufficient, the concentration of hydrogen may be sufficient for an accidental spark to cause an explosion)

Non-electric hara kter:

improper handling of gas welding equipment and blowtorches

improper heating of cable masses and impregnating compounds

malfunction of heating devices and violation of their operating modes

malfunction of production equipment and disruption of the technological process, which may result in the release of gases, vapors or dust into the environment. Wednesday

smoking in fire and explosion hazardous areas

spontaneous combustion of some materials

Fire prevention in design and

Fire safety is defined as the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in the event of its occurrence, the impact of dangerous fire factors on people is prevented and the protection of material assets is ensured.

According to this definition, fire safety is ensured by a set of measures that prevent the occurrence of a fire and a fire protection system that ensures the successful fight against a fire or explosion.

Fire prevention is achieved by a set of preventive measures that exclude the formation of a flammable medium, ignition sources, maintaining the temperature of the flammable medium below the maximum permissible for flammability and the pressure in the flammable medium below the maximum permissible for flammability, etc.

Prevention of the formation of a flammable environment is ensured by regulating permissible concentrations of flammable gases, vapors and suspended matter in the air, as well as oxygen or other oxidizing agents.

Prevention of the formation of ignition sources in a flammable environment is achieved by the appropriate design, use and operating mode of machines and mechanisms, materials and products that can be a source of ignition of a flammable environment, the use of appropriate electrical equipment and technological processes, the installation of lightning protection buildings and structures, regulation of the permissible heating temperature of equipment surfaces, permissible spark discharge energy, elimination of conditions for thermal, chemical and microbiological spontaneous combustion of circulating substances, materials and products.

Fire protection is provided by a number of activities, the main of which are:

Use of non-flammable and low-flammable substances and materials;

Limiting the amount of flammable substances;

Preventing the spread of fire beyond the source;

Application of object structures with regulated limits of fire resistance and flammability;

Creation of conditions for the evacuation of people;

Application of personal protective equipment and smoke protection systems;

Use of fire alarms and fire notification means;

Organization of fire protection of the facility, etc.

Limiting the amount of flammable substances is achieved by regulating their quantity (weight, volume), the presence of emergency drainage, periodic cleaning of premises, communications and equipment from combustible waste, regulation of workplaces where fire-resistant substances are used, etc.

Isolation of a flammable environment is ensured by maximum mechanization and automation of technological processes, and the use of sealed equipment and containers for flammable substances.

Prevention of the spread of fire is ensured by the installation of fire barriers (walls, zones, belts, protective strips, curtains, etc.), the use of means that prevent or limit the spilling and spreading of liquids during a fire, etc.

Preventive measures to prevent fires can be divided into organizational, operational, technical and regime.

Organizational events to ensure fire safety include:

Organization of training of personnel and citizens in fire safety rules;

Development of fire safety standards and regulations, instructions on the procedure for working with flammable substances and materials, people’s behavior in the event of a fire, etc.

Operational measures provide for the appropriate operation of equipment, maintenance of buildings and territories.

Technical measures consist of compliance with fire safety standards during the construction of buildings, heating and ventilation installations, selection and installation of equipment, lightning protection and protection against static electricity.

Regular events are aimed at limiting or prohibiting the lighting of fire, electrical and gas welding work, as well as smoking in undesignated places, etc.

Fire resistance and flammability of building materials and structures

The fire safety of buildings and structures is largely determined by the flammability of building materials and structures, the size of buildings, their location, and fire resistance.

By flammability of building structures are divided into

non-flammable that do not ignite or char when exposed to fire or high temperatures (concrete, brick, metals);

flame retardant, which are capable of igniting and continuing to burn only with constant exposure to an external ignition source (wood impregnated or coated with a fire retardant);

flammable, which are capable of burning independently after removing the ignition source (timber, bitumen, etc.).

The main characteristics of building structures include fire resistance and the extent of fire spread through building structures.

Fire resistance is defined as the ability of building structures to withstand high temperatures in fire conditions and still perform their normal operational functions.

The time after which a structure loses its load-bearing or enclosing capacity is called fire resistance limit and is measured in hours from the start of the test until one of the following signs appears in the structure:

Formation of through cracks or holes in the structure through which combustion products or flames penetrate;

Increased temperature on the unheated surface of the structure by an average of more than 140 °C;

Loss of load-bearing capacity of the structure.

Transition of combustion into adjacent structures or rooms

Destruction of structural fastening points

The limits of fire spread through building structures determine the extent of damage to the structure in centimeters, due to its combustion outside the heating zone.

TO fire prevention measures at industrial enterprises and in buildings used to limit the spread and expansion of fire include:

Zoning of the enterprise territory;

Installation of fire breaks;

Construction of various fire barriers (firewalls, partitions, doors, gates, hatches, vestibules, airlocks, fire zones, water curtains, etc.).

Territory zoning involves grouping production facilities of an enterprise that are related by functional purpose and fire hazard into separate complexes. Taking into account the terrain and the wind rose, objects with an increased fire danger are located on the leeward side in relation to objects with a lower fire danger.

Fire breaks between buildings are installed to prevent the spread of fire from one building to another. When determining them, the degree of fire resistance of buildings is taken into account.

Fire barrier in the form of a firewall, it is a blank non-combustible wall with a fire resistance limit of at least 2.5 hours, crossing the building lengthwise or crosswise.

The firewall is installed on the foundation of the building and rises above the roof, preventing the spread of fire in the event of a fire.

Fire zones suitable in cases where for some reason it is impossible to install a firewall. It is a non-combustible strip of covering 6 m wide, crossing the entire length or width of the building. The fire resistance limit of load-bearing structures in fire zones should be 4 hours, and that of floors - 2 hours.

When designing buildings, escape routes are provided for people: emergency exits, fire escapes, fire-resistant stairwells, special balconies, platforms and passages.

To remove smoke and gases from burning premises, special smoke hatches are provided, which are installed in basements, in the ceilings of warehouses and lightless industrial buildings.

Classification of industries according to their fire and explosion hazards

The explosion and fire hazard of production is determined by technologies that use or can produce substances, materials or mixtures with certain explosive and fire hazardous properties. Technologies that use substances capable of forming explosive mixtures with air (flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids, dusty combustible materials, etc.) pose a greater danger.

Depending on the materials and substances used or stored in them, production facilities are divided into five categories in terms of explosion and fire hazard: A, B, C, D, E, E.

To category A include explosive industries that use flammable gases and flammable Liquids with a flash point of not more than 28 ° C in such quantities that they can form explosive vapor-gas mixtures, upon ignition of which an excess explosion pressure exceeding 5 kPa develops in the room, as well as substances and materials , capable of exploding and burning when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen or with each other in such quantities that the excess explosion pressure in the room exceeds 5 kPa. (productions involving the use of metal sodium and potassium, acetone, carbon disulfide, ethers and alcohols, as well as paint shops)

To category B include explosive industries that use flammable dusts or fibers, flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 28 ° C in such quantities that they can form explosive dust and steam-air mixtures, upon ignition of which an excess explosion pressure exceeding 5 kPa develops in the room.( ammonia production, liquid pumping stations)

Go to category IN include fire-hazardous industries that use flammable and low-flammable liquids, solid flammable and low-flammable substances and materials (including dust and fibers), substances and materials that can only burn when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen or with each other, provided that the premises in which they are located do not belong to category A or B. (wood, plastic and rubber processing plants, warehouses for fuels and lubricants)

To category G include industries that use non-flammable substances and materials in a hot, incandescent or molten state, the processing of which is accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks and flames; flammable gases, liquids and solids that are burned or utilized as fuel (metal thermal treatment shops, gas generator stations, boiler houses)

To category E- explosive production associated with the use of flammable gases without a liquid phase and explosive dusts in such quantities that they can form explosive mixtures in a volume exceeding 5% of the volume of the room and in which, according to the conditions of the technological process, only an explosion is possible (without subsequent combustion); substances capable of exploding (without subsequent combustion) when interacting with water, air oxygen or with each other.

Categorizing production according to fire and explosion hazard is extremely important, since it largely allows us to determine the requirements for the building, its design and layout; organization of fire protection and its technical equipment, requirements for regime and operation.

planning solutions in buildings that ensure safe evacuation

These are escape routes. d.b.

the shortest

have a sufficient width of at least 1 m

Exit doors should only open outwards

the number of emergency exits from the building and premises on each floor depends on the number of workers, but must be at least 2 and the exits must be located dispersed

escape routes should not be obstructed

on each floor d.b. evacuation plan

a building with a height of more than 10 m is equipped with fire escapes located outside

LECTURE 20,21,22 RT

Topic: SAFETY MEASURES WHEN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF INSTALLATIONS AND STRUCTURES OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, RADIO BROADCASTING AND TELEVISION

Safety measures during the construction and operation of antenna mast devices of radio enterprises:

- TB requirements for antenna mast structures

Antennas and feeder lines are located on towers and masts, sometimes occupying significant areas called antenna fields. For the movement of people and vehicles, passages and passages are arranged in the fields. Passages and driveways, as well as dangerous areas, are marked with signs. A dangerous zone is considered to be an area located (Around a mast or tower, outlined with a radius equal to 1/3 of the height of the structure. If there are passages in the dangerous zone, they must be equipped with canopies to protect passing people from possible injuries from falling pieces of ice. or when accidental fall of structural elements and tools if work is being done on the masts, as well as for protection against exposure to EMF.

Towers and masts are complex engineering structures and must meet all safety requirements.

If masts or towers are made of metal and operating conditions do not require them to be isolated from the ground, then they must be connected to a protective grounding device. If the masts must be isolated from the ground, then they are installed on support insulators, but are equipped with disconnectors that, if necessary, allow the masts to be grounded. The support insulators are protected by arresters rated for 1.3 peak amplitude voltage at the base of the antenna at 100% transmitter modulation. To eliminate the possibility of electric shock, insulated antenna masts are fenced and warning posters are posted: “Stop! Life threatening". The height of the fences must be at least 1.5 m; To allow maintenance personnel to approach the mast, the fences have lockable gates.

High masts and towers are equipped with a signal light system (COM). Since the COM is powered from a 220 V AC network, there is a danger of exposure to electric current. Therefore, the neutral wire of the power cable is connected to a metal mast, that is, as a measure of protection against the effects of electric current. in this case zeroing is used. COM luminaires are positioned in such a way that they can be serviced from platforms, cradles or stairs.

Metal towers and masts are equipped with ladders for lifting the antenna mast. Stairs have flat steps made of corrugated steel or two or three steel rods with a length of at least 450 mm; the distance between steps should not exceed 350 mm. Stairs with an inclination angle of less than 75° are equipped with handrails. If the angle of inclination exceeds 75° (for example, a vertical location), then the stairs are equipped with railings in the form of arcs connected to each other by vertical stripes. If the height of the mast is more than 10 m, rest areas are installed every 6-8 m. The floor of the platform is made of corrugated perforated or corrugated sheets, and the platform itself is fenced with railings at least 1 m high. If, for technological reasons, rest areas cannot be arranged, then stairs are equipped with hatches measuring 500X500 mm. Hatch covers should be comfortable and easy to open.

In addition to stairs, elevators or special lifting structures are used to climb masts and towers. Elevators are equipped with guards, catchers, limit switches and door locks, which ensure safety during operation. Each elevator is equipped with an audio alarm or telephone connection with the technical personnel servicing the elevator. Elevator cabin frames, electric motor housings and other non-current-carrying parts of elevators that may accidentally become energized are reliably grounded.

Manual and electric winches are also used for lifting the masts. Manual winches are equipped with safety handles. The safety handle ensures lifting and lowering only when it is rotated. Currently, winches of the T-68 (one-ton) and T-69 (three-ton) types are in use.

The electrically driven winch is controlled from the machine room. For ease of observation and determining when to connect the winch, clearly visible marks are made on the lifting ropes. If the worker was unable to stop the winch in time, it stops automatically using limit switches, which turn off the winch electric motor if the distance between the load and the upper block becomes less than 2 m. The winch is equipped with a shoe brake, which operates automatically as soon as the electric motor is turned off. The connection between the electric motor and the winch is carried out using a gear or worm gear, which is safer than belt or friction drives. The winches are securely fastened to a solid base of logs; the base, in turn, is attached to a pile driven into the ground, an anchor or a bed. To service several masts, one mobile winch equipped with wheels or a skid is sometimes used. When installed, the winch is firmly attached to the anchor. The winch should be installed from the center of the mast no closer than 1/3 of the height of the mast, i.e. outside the danger zone. If the winch is installed in a dangerous area, then a canopy should be installed over the winch to prevent it. keep maintenance personnel from falling any objects from the mast.

Ropes are attached to winches, with the help of which people or loads are lifted. Currently, galvanized steel ropes with a core made of organic materials are used. The rope must have a safety factor of at least 9 when lifting people and at least 4 when lifting loads with manually driven winches (for electrically driven winches this factor must be at least 5.5). Ropes for lifting people are made of double lay. The diameter of the rope must be at least 7.7 mm when lifting a load of up to 150 kg and not less than 8.7 mm when lifting a mast and a load weighing up to 200 kg.

To ensure safety, the rope must be a single whole; connection (splicing) of a rope from several pieces is not allowed. The length of the rope is chosen such that when the load is in the lower position on the winch drum, at least three turns of the rope remain in front of the clamping device. The rope is secured in the winch drum so that it is not chafed. When the load is in the upper position, when the rope is wound onto the drum, the turns should not protrude beyond the sides of the drum so that they cannot slip.

To lift the antenna mast onto the mast, a cradle is attached to the lifting rope. The design of the cradle provides for safe and convenient performance of work along the entire height of the mast, as well as along the guys. Attaching the cradle to the lifting rope must prevent it from tipping over. If a capsize does occur, then to prevent the antenna mast from falling, it is secured to the cradle.

All lifting devices are subject to technical inspection before putting into operation, and then at least once a year. Technical examination is carried out by the head of the antenna group, the mast antenna operator and the public labor safety inspector. During inspections, an external inspection of the devices is carried out, as well as static and dynamic tests. If deficiencies are discovered that could cause an accident, the lifting device is not allowed to be used. A hoisting rope is considered unsuitable if it is believed that the number of wire breaks in a laying step exceeds the permissible limit. When carrying out static tests, a load is suspended from the cradle, which is in the lower position, 1.5 times greater than the load capacity indicated in the passport. Static tests are carried out for 10 minutes. Dynamic tests consist of raising a load to its full height and lowering it (at least 2 times) with a mass 10% more than the limit.

the results of the technical examination are entered into the lifting devices condition report and approved by the chief engineer of the radio enterprise.

- conditions for safe maintenance of antenna mast devices

Servicing antenna mast devices is associated with the danger of falling from a height, exposure to EMF and electric current, therefore, when performing work, safety rules must be strictly observed.

Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone special training and are recognized by a medical commission as fit to perform work at height are allowed to service antenna mast structures. Work on antennas, masts, feeders of transmitting radio and television centers is carried out one by one. The work order for work on antenna mast and feeder structures is issued by the chief engineer or the head of the antenna group. The head of the antenna group can be appointed as the responsible work manager, work manager, or permitter. The person issuing the order must have qualification group V, the responsible manager must have at least the fourth qualification group, and the work performer must have at least the third. If the head of the antenna group combines the performance of these duties, then he can participate in the work of only one team, without having the right to supervise the work performed by other teams. Before starting work, all members of the team must be given ongoing instructions on how to carry out the work safely.

Before starting work, it is necessary to take measures to ensure the safety of workers. In the generator room, the shift supervisor turns off the mechanical interlock disconnector, the antenna feed from the antenna switch and the general COM switch. When locking with a rod, the key to the RMB is handed over to the responsible work manager against signature. The work manager checks that there is no voltage on the feeder and grounds it at the entrance to the technical building and at the production site. Then he turns off the COM switch located at the base of the mast and checks the serviceability of the lifting and safety devices. Metal masts on which work is to be carried out must be grounded. Warning posters are posted on all switches and disconnectors that relieve voltage: “Do not turn on! They don’t work.” Only after completing these activities can the brigade begin the task.

When climbing the mast in a cradle, the mast antenna operator must put on a safety belt and attach it to the cradle with a carabiner. To prevent falling from the cradle, it is not allowed to unfasten the belt and carabiner while lifting and performing work. The carabiner of the safety belt chain can only be unfastened when crossing the guy ropes. In this case, the mast operator must use a belt with two chains. Only by hooking the carabiner of the second chain onto the mast structure can you unfasten the carabiner of the first.

Tools that may be required when working at height are tied to the cradle, and small tools and parts are put into a fitter's bag, which is also attached to the cradle. It is not allowed to place tools or parts on mast structures, as if they fall they can injure people below.

The hand winch, which lifts the cradle, is operated by two workers. Workers must be trained to carry out work safely. It is necessary to rotate the winch handle so that the speed of ascent or descent is no more than 20 m/min. At the same time, workers should not let go of the winch handle in order to prevent its spontaneous rotation. The rope must approach the winch horizontally and only from above the drum. Do not operate the winch with a faulty brake or a removed ratchet wheel latch.

Workers can raise and lower the cradle only upon a signal from the antenna mast. If the masts are of considerable height, then the mast antenna operator uses a megaphone, which must be attached to the cradle. When moving the cradle, make sure that the rope does not touch the mast or antenna to avoid it breaking.

The mast-antenna operator inspects the guys, insulators and arresters while in the cradle.

If the antenna mast operator notices wire breaks on the guy wire in excess of the established standards, the guy wire must be replaced. It is not allowed to be on the mast while transferring the load from the guy being replaced to the newly installed one, as well as while adjusting the guys. Climbing masts less than 16 m high is permitted using claws. Before lifting, it is necessary to check the reliability of the sickle and the serviceability of the fasteners.

The lifting of the mast and its work at height must be supervised by a worker who is specially allocated for this and must provide immediate assistance in case of danger. The observer must have a mechanic's belt and claws with him, and wear a protective helmet. When climbing the masts using stairs, you must wear shoes with non-slip soles to avoid falling. When climbing the stairs, you should close the hatches of the sections behind you. When simultaneously climbing several masts onto the mast, only one person can be on one flight of stairs. Having climbed the mast, workers must securely secure themselves to the structure with a carabiner on a fitter’s belt.

You can only work on masts and towers during daylight hours. In exceptional cases, for example when eliminating an accident, it is allowed to climb the masts at night. In this case, the work site is illuminated by a battery-powered flashlight, and the lifting winch is illuminated by spotlights, which should provide sufficient illumination.

Work on feeder towers or portals where several feeder lines are located should be carried out with extreme caution if at least one of the feeders remains energized. Such work is carried out by at least two persons. The antiphase wires of the section of the transmitting antenna feeder on which work is to be carried out must be connected to each other at the beginning and end of the section and grounded. When the feeders are located in multiple tiers on a support or portal, work on the upper tier is not permitted if the feeders of the lower tier are energized. If antenna-feeder devices of television centers, VHF, FM radio stations, radio relay stations are located on the same tower, then work is carried out only if the antenna is disconnected and located below the energized antennas. If the upstream antennas create a field strength higher than permissible at the workplace, then they must also be turned off, for which the anode voltage at the transmitter is removed. When the anode voltage is turned off, any switching of antennas and feeder lines is performed.

Before carrying out measuring or adjustment work on the AFU, you should check the absence of extraneous voltage on the antenna or feeder and the serviceability of high-frequency chokes designed to drain static charges. After this, you MUST connect the measuring instruments to the circuit under study; the housings of the measuring instruments must be grounded during measurements. If during measurements there is a danger of EM1P, then workers must wear special metallized suits, helmets and safety glasses. Adjustment and measurements on the AFU, as well as any other work on masts and towers, are not allowed to be carried out during a thunderstorm or when it is approaching, during heavy snowfall, rain or ice, and when the wind force is more than 12 m/s (6 points). During a thunderstorm, it is not prohibited to be near grounding conductors. All teams must stop working on the antenna field and take shelter indoors,

Safety rules when working with video terminal devices

Direct rays of light should not fall on the display screen or into the eyes of the worker. The distance from the eyes to the screen should be 40-80 cm.

For category gr.A, if the total number of characters per work shift = 60 thousand, then the total time of regulated breaks should be 70 minutes. It has been established that after 2 hours of continuous work with a computer, it is necessary to take breaks of 15 minutes. During breaks, it is recommended to do gymnastics for the arms and shoulder girdle, back and eyes.

The computer is a source of UV and IR radiation, EMR, static electricity, and glare and flicker also have a negative effect on the body.

Experiments have proven that, in percentage terms, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, diseases of the upper respiratory systems, functional disorders of the central nervous system, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system most often appear. Health deterioration by 22%

Persons at least 18 years of age are allowed to work on a computer. Women are prohibited from all types of computer work from the day they become pregnant and during breastfeeding. The employer is obliged to send the person hired for a preliminary medical examination, conduct general safety training in the generally established manner, and conduct initial training for the worker. place within the scope of occupational safety instructions for a given profession, establish a procedure for providing regulated breaks, develop and post at the workplace a set of physical exercises for the muscles of the neck, back, shoulder girdle, reducing visual fatigue, and conduct repeated instructions at established intervals.

If there are several computers in the room, then they need to be installed at a distance of 2 m from each other (if they are next to each other) and 1.5 m (if they are located end to end).

Safety requirements before starting work:

ventilate the work area

make sure there is sufficient lighting and no reflections on the screen

if necessary, adjust the illumination of the workplace

check that the equipment is connected correctly and is grounded

wipe special wipe the screen surface

make sure there are no floppy disks in the drive

check the serviceability of the furniture, the correct installation of the chair, the location of the computer and the goal of creating a comfortable workplace. poses

power supply order, peripheral devices, system unit

Safety requirements when performing work

observe work and rest schedule

It is forbidden to: - touch the back wall of the unit

Make any switches

Clutter the top panels of devices with unnecessary papers and foreign objects

Do not allow moisture to get on the surface of the monitor or keyboard.

Perform independent opening of equipment

Make a lot of effort when using the keyboard

Safety requirements in an emergency

If broken wires are detected, a burning smell appears, or unusual noise occurs, you must turn off the power and inform your immediate supervisor or call a mechanic

If the equipment catches fire, turn off the power and start extinguishing the source of fire with a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, inform your immediate supervisor

Safety requirements when finishing work

close all active tasks

remove the floppy disk from the drive

turn off the power to the system unit and all peripheral devices

close the keyboard

tidy up the slave place

SAFETY MEASURES WHEN SERVICING POWER SOURCES

As sources El. energy is used at telecommunications enterprises

1) power system

2) stationary and mobile El-stations

3) acid and alkaline batteries

The rooms where the batteries are located are classified as explosive; they are located in the basement of the building. The entrance to this room is equipped with a vestibule with double doors that open outward

The walls of the battery room are painted with acid-alkali-resistant paint. The floor covered with tiles must be non-slip. The glass is corrugated. For heating, solid metal pipes or those connected by welding are used. Electric lamps must be explosion-proof. Light switches are located outside the battery room. Supply and exhaust ventilation is separate from the general ventilation of the building.

The acid is stored in a separate room in well-closed bottles. Bottles with acid are transferred to a special. stretcher. When preparing an acid electrolyte in a special pour the required amount of distilled water into the mug, and then pour the acid in a thin stream, stirring the solution with a glass rod. It is prohibited to pour water into acid (you may get burned).

When preparing an alkaline electrolyte, pieces of alkali are dipped into distilled water using tweezers.

When charging the batteries, the supply and exhaust ventilation is turned on, which turns off only 1.5 hours after charging is turned off.

When soldering lead plates of batteries, the worker's place is protected with fire-resistant shields.

SAFETY MEASURES WHEN WORKING WITH POWER TOOLS

Persons who know how to handle it and have 1 gram are allowed to work with EI. on electrical safety. The following requirements apply to EI:

1) the body is made of metal

2) stranded wires enclosed in a rubber hose are used

3) metal housings are grounded if the supply voltage is > 42 V

Only serviceable EI is given to the worker. Before starting work, it is necessary to inspect and check the insulation and live parts. are closed, the fastening parts and components are tightened, it is forbidden to disassemble and repair the tool yourself. place.

SAFETY MEASURES WHEN WORKING WITH POWER TOOLS

Power tools include electric drills, electric soldering irons, electric saws, portable lamps, etc., i.e. those tools whose operating principle is based on the use of electrical energy. Persons who know how to handle it and have electrical safety group I are allowed to work with power tools. From a safety point of view, the following general requirements apply to power tools. The power tool must have live parts that are inaccessible to touch. The housing is made of metal or durable insulating materials. Multicore lead wires enclosed in a rubber hose are used. Metal housings of power tools are grounded if the supply voltage exceeds 42 V. To connect the grounding conductor, there is a special clamp on the housing, marked “3”. Recently, to connect power tools, sockets and plugs have been used, which, in addition to contacts that supply voltage, have a grounding contact, with the help of which the housing is reliably grounded or grounded.

In rooms without increased danger, it is allowed to use power tools with a voltage no higher than 220 V. In rooms with increased danger, power tools are used that are designed for a voltage no higher than 42 V, in exceptional cases - 220 V, but always with insulating protective equipment (gloves, mats, etc. .). In particularly hazardous areas, the voltage of power tools should not be higher than 42 V; the use of insulating protective equipment is mandatory.

Portable electric lamps in particularly hazardous areas must be designed for a voltage no higher than 12 V. Sockets and plugs designed for low voltage must be structurally different from 220 V sockets to prevent the power tool from being switched on by mistake. Transformers, and in no case autotransformers, or batteries can be used as a source of reduced voltage.

Only working power tools are allowed to be given to the worker. Before starting work, it must be carefully inspected and checked, make sure that the supply wires and the grounding conductor do not have kinks, the current-carrying parts are closed, the screws, fastening parts and assemblies are tightened, the gearbox, brushes and commutator are in good working order.

It is prohibited to transfer the power tool to another person, work with a faulty power tool, disassemble it or repair it yourself. Failure to follow these instructions may result in injury.

Every month, the power tool must be checked using a megger for short circuits to the body, breaks in the grounding conductor, and also monitor the condition of the insulation. The inspection person must have at least III electrical safety group.

TB when performing work at radio broadcasting node stations

All work on radio broadcasting centers is carried out in accordance with the Safety Rules for the construction and operation of radio broadcasting stations.

RTU equipment is located on racks (in cabinets), which are placed in rows or near the walls of the room. If it is necessary to open the rear wall of the rack to service the equipment, then the passage between the rack and the wall must be at least 0.8 m. When racks are located in rows, the passage between the front sides of the racks facing each other must be at least 2 m to ensure safety preventive and repair work. Dielectric mats with a width of at least 0.7 m must be placed near the racks with equipment on the side of the doors and retractable units near the power panels.

Metal housings of transmitters, amplifiers, output switching cabinets and cable armor are grounded. For this purpose, a protective or operational-protective grounding device is constructed at RTU stations. If the equipment of RTU stations and substations is located in the same building with wired communication equipment, then one common protective or operational-protective grounding device is equipped. The protective grounding resistance of the RTU station should not exceed 10 Ohms. If in the same building there is a hardware RTU and an electrical substation with supply transformers with a voltage of 380/220 B, then the resistance of the grounding device to which the neutrals of the transformers are connected should not exceed 4 Ohms.

If the RTU equipment is powered from a network with a solidly grounded neutral, then grounding is used to disconnect the equipment from the network when voltage appears on the racks or housings of the equipment when fuses burn out or automatic protection is triggered. In the equipment, fusible links and circuit breakers are installed in such a way that when they are triggered, there is no danger of electric shock to operating personnel or the possibility of damage to the equipment. The rated currents of fuse-links and settings of circuit breakers must correspond to the equipment data sheets. It is necessary to have a sufficient supply of calibrated fuse links in the control room.

According to OST 45.19-80, wired broadcasting equipment operating on alternating current with a voltage of more than 42 V and direct current with a voltage of 110 V must be interlocked. Such equipment includes amplifiers, transmitters of the second and third programs, output switching cabinets, distribution feeder cabinets. The interlock prevents access to the interior of the equipment and provides protection against electric shock to operating personnel if means of access (for example, doors) to the interior are open. The blocking ensures that the power supply to the equipment is turned off and prevents it from being turned on both directly and remotely when access means (doors) are open; blocking also ensures the removal of residual charges from capacitors and disconnection of external lines from the output transformer of the amplifier and the feeder transformer of the SVK cabinet, from which extraneous voltage can enter the equipment.

Audio amplifiers, multi-program broadcast transmitters, rectifiers and other RTU equipment that uses voltages greater than 1000 V must have a mechanical interlock.

Equipment with a voltage on the internal space elements of no more than 1000 V has a simplified mechanical interlock. Simplified mechanical interlocking consists of electrical contacts in the equipment power supply circuit, which open when the access means are opened. When using simplified mechanical interlocking, special locks and disconnectors are not required.

Maintenance of RTU equipment is entrusted to operating and maintenance personnel. Operations personnel, in turn, are divided into duty and operational personnel. Personnel on duty must have at least III electrical safety group. If wired broadcasting equipment is located in the same room as telecommunications equipment, then it is serviced by one person on duty. The duty officer is allowed to turn the equipment on and off, as well as monitor its operation according to the readings of the instruments located on the front panels of racks and cabinets. The duty officer is not allowed to remove units from the racks, disable the locking, go behind the fences and make repairs. If a malfunction is detected, the duty officer turns on the backup set of equipment and informs the employee to whom the equipment is assigned.

Operating personnel are tasked with eliminating damage to RTU equipment. Operating personnel servicing RTU installations of no more than 1000 V must have at least III electrical safety group, and those servicing installations more than 1000 V must have no lower than IV group. Complex repairs and adjustments of RTU stations are carried out by repair and commissioning personnel.

Before starting maintenance or repair of amplification equipment of multi-program wire broadcasting transmitters, it is necessary to turn off the voltage at the power panel using a switch, batch switches or other disconnectors and hang up a poster: “Do not turn on! People are working." Then you should make sure that everything

Ground Wire Hook

Holder

Rice. 12.1. Discharge rod

interlock disconnectors are turned off, and check that there is no voltage in all electrical circuits. To do this, use a portable voltmeter or voltage indicator, the functionality of which should be verified immediately before testing.

Since the RTU equipment contains capacitors on which a significant charge can accumulate, which poses a danger to operating personnel, the equipment is provided with a device for discharging filter capacitors. Before starting work, you should make sure that the discharge device has worked and discharge all capacitors that may retain a residual charge using a discharge rod (Fig. 12.1).

The RTU equipment is set up one by one by a team consisting of at least two people. When carrying out measurements, the possibility of touching live parts that are energized must be excluded. The change circuit is assembled with the voltage turned off. Measuring: instruments are placed inside a room whose doors are locked, and instrument readings are observed from outside the dangerous space. If it is impossible to place devices in the blocked space of the amplifier, they are installed outside the amplifier, enclosing the work area with portable barriers. Devices are placed so as not to block passages and access to equipment. When measuring, touching wires, transformers and devices included in the measuring circuit is prohibited. The housings of measuring instruments are grounded.

Voltage may appear at the output switching racks of the trunk lines of wired broadcasting due to reverse power transformation. Therefore, when working on racks, the lines should be disconnected and grounded to avoid exposure to electrical current. For this purpose, portable grounding connections are used. First, the portable grounding is connected using clamps to the grounding bus, and then to the line. The application and removal of portable groundings is carried out wearing dielectric gloves. It is not allowed to use wires that are not intended for these purposes as portable grounding connections, or to connect the grounding by twisting.

In addition to electric shock, when servicing RTU equipment there is a danger of burns, since powerful radio tubes heat up to high temperatures and heat the metal structures surrounding them. To prevent burns, heated parts of structures are protected or covered with thermal insulation, and lamps are replaced using cotton gloves.

Safety measures on radio lines suspended from power poles

When installing and replacing overhead power lines and power supply supports, you have to dig holes, the depth of which varies from 0.8 to 1.9 m depending on the nature of the soil, the height of the support and the number of wires placed on it. The introduction of mechanization allows not only to speed up the commissioning of the line, but also to significantly facilitate the work of signalmen. Currently, drilling and crane machines BM-202, BM-204, BM-303, BST-3 and others, made on the basis of domestic cars and tractors, are used for drilling holes and installing pillars. The drilling and crane machine is serviced by two specially trained people: a driver and a fitter. Before drilling begins, in order to prevent the machine from moving, it is slowed down by a brake and, if there are outriggers, it is installed on them. To create safe drilling conditions, the reliability of bolted connections and the serviceability of fences are checked; the drill and other rotating parts are cleaned of foreign objects; check that the winch is turned off and the cable hooks are secured. Only after this the drill is turned on.

The support can be installed in several ways. When installing a support using a crane-drilling machine winch, the following safety precautions must be observed. To prevent the pole from falling and injuring workers, the pole is lifted with a serviceable flexible steel cable (the number of steel wire breaks should not be greater than the maximum permissible), which is securely, without slipping, attached to the pole using a sling. After slinging, the fitter moves to a safe distance and the driver turns on the winch. The fitter directs the movement of the pole with a stag. You can approach the pole and grab its butt to lower it into the hole only after the pole has been completely raised above the ground, and thus the reliability of its fastening has been checked.

In places where supports are installed that are difficult to pass by machines, the “falling arrow” method is used. Before starting lifting using this method, you need to make sure that the cable is strong and securely attached to the support and winch, and that the boom legs are reliably compacted.

Checking the support for rotting is carried out with a special probe. If necessary, the support is strengthened with hooks or stags on at least three sides.

To facilitate work, control supports with a traverse profile are equipped with additional traverses without pins, and cable supports are equipped with cable platforms. The cable platform is firmly attached to the support and is equipped with railings. The fitter can climb onto the support using his claws, having first put on a safety belt. Before lifting, these protective equipment should be visually inspected to ensure that there is no damage to the teeth, belts, fasteners, that the carabiner and its spring, the chain or sling at the waist are in good condition. The chain must be covered with a canvas cover. In addition to external inspection, once every six months the claws and belts are subjected to static tests: a load weighing 135 kg is suspended on the claws, and 225 kg on the belt. The test duration is 5 minutes. The size of the claws should correspond to the size of the post. Changing the size of the claws by bending or straightening them is not allowed, as this may cause hidden cracks and the claws may break during lifting.

After climbing onto the support, you should secure yourself with the chain of the safety belt, and put your claws in a stable position; Only after this can you start working. Wires, traverses and other fittings are supplied to the installer from the ground using a rope. The tool must be in the fitter's bag. It is forbidden to place it on traverses or hang it on wires, since if they accidentally fall, they can injure the worker below. Only one person works on the support; other workers must be at a safe distance. When performing work on corner supports, the installer is positioned on the outside of the corner.

When the line is abolished, the support, as well as two adjacent supports, are strengthened on three or four sides with stags. The wires are cut alternately from one side and the other of the support, starting from the bottom;

It is not allowed to simultaneously untie wires on several adjacent supports. These measures are necessary to prevent the installer from falling along with the support.

Wires can be welded both on the ground and on a support. Since welding can cause burns, the following precautions should be observed. The installer must be at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the wires being welded and wear safety glasses with light filters. You can knock a burnt cartridge into a special trough only after it has cooled. Spare thermite cartridges should be stored in metal boxes separate from thermite matches to prevent them from rubbing against each other and igniting. For the same reason, strong shaking of boxes with thermal cartridges during transportation is not allowed.

All fitters climbing onto a support must wear clothing with the sleeves fastened at the hands, and if the supports are covered with an antiseptic, an additional tarpaulin suit and gloves. Antiseptics (anthracene, creosote and shale oils, zinc chloride, etc.) are used to extend the service life of supports, traverses and attachments. However, these substances are poisonous and, if they enter the human body, can cause poisoning, allergic reactions, and skin diseases. Therefore, when working with antiseptics you must be extremely careful. It is allowed to work with them in overalls, safety glasses, boots or boots (rubber shoes are destroyed by oil antiseptics). To protect the skin of the hands, special pastes IER-1 and KHIOT-6 are used. Antiseptics can be applied to the support only from special measuring cups, avoiding splashing. You should be on the windward side so as not to inhale harmful fumes. Store antiseptics in tightly sealed containers in a dry, ventilated area, away from heating devices, to avoid their evaporation and harmful effects on people. In field conditions, antiseptics are stored on scaffolds and covered with a tarpaulin. Fire extinguishers must be installed in storage areas. When working with antiseptics, workers must observe the rules of personal hygiene: do not touch their faces with unwashed hands, mittens or sleeves that may have antiseptic on them; Do not place any items or food products on impregnated wood. Before eating, you should thoroughly wash your hands and face (with soap and water. After finishing work with an antiseptic in the field, rags, grass, and remnants of bandages contaminated with antiseptics must be buried in a hole to a depth of at least 0.5 m to avoid poisoning of livestock.

CONDITIONS FOR SAFE OPERATION WHEN CONSTRUCTION OF INTERESTATIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND WIRED BROADCASTING LINES WITH ELECTRIFIED TRANSPORT NETWORKS AND POWER LINES. MAINTENANCE OF COMMUNICATION LINES WITH REMOTE POWER AND WIRED BROADCASTING FEEDER LINES

The installation, re-equipment and repair of intersections of communication lines (LC) and wire broadcasting with contact wires of ground-based electric transport (trolleybuses, trams), electrified railways, and power lines are particularly dangerous “works due to the possibility of electric shock to service personnel. Therefore, they are allowed to be carried out by order or order under the guidance of a responsible person with an electrical safety group of at least fourth. Fitters participating in such work must have at least III qualification troupe.

Crossing can be carried out only after approval and in the presence of a representative of the organization operating the contact network. Crossings are usually carried out with an underground cable, but in some cases aerial crossing is also allowed. Crossings of overhead power lines with contact wires of ground electric vehicles are carried out only in the spans between supports contact network; connection of wires in the crossing span is not allowed. The contact network wires are located above the contact network wires, and the minimum distance between the lower LAN wires and the upper contact network wires must be at least 1.25 m. The contact network is disconnected and grounded during operation; The pulled wire is also grounded. A dry rope with a diameter of 12 mm is thrown through the contact network and secured in the form of a loop on blocks installed on transition supports. The pulled wire is tied to the rope loop and is attached to it as it moves (every 1.5-2). m) using rings made of wire to avoid touching the contact network. When carrying out work, signalmen with red flags are posted on both sides of the intersection to warn pedestrians and approaching vehicles of the danger.

It is allowed to pull the wire without disconnecting the contact network, but in this case the installer must use insulating protective equipment (gloves, galoshes). Shorter canvas gloves are put on over dielectric gloves to avoid damage to the gloves. In such cases, the rope is thrown from the aerial platform. In this case, two people work (not counting the driver), one of whom is appointed as an observer and gives commands to ensure the safe movement of the basket. Before lifting the basket, the vehicle is placed on the handbrake and on the side supports, if the aerial platform is to be operated with an inclination. When lifting and installing the basket, the observer. make sure that it does not touch wires, reinforced concrete supports or other metal structures and does not accidentally become energized. Do not leave pieces of wires in the basket, they can short-circuit the basket with the telescope and thereby disrupt its insulation. The insulation resistance of the basket from the telescope body is checked. annually and must be at least 2 MOhm. All work from the aerial platform is carried out while standing at the bottom of the basket; it is forbidden to climb

on its sides or intermediate rings, as well as tie wires, blocks or ropes to it, which could dislodge the basket and cause the installer to fall.

When servicing LPs and PVs that intersect (approach) power lines or contact wires of electric vehicles, it is necessary to periodically monitor the dimensions of these intersections and take appropriate measures in case of non-compliance. Before carrying out work on such lines, you should use a voltage indicator to ensure that there is no extraneous voltage on them. If the installer detects extraneous voltage or a break in the power line wire on the LS or PV, he must report this to the organization servicing this section of the power line and to the management of his enterprise. If a broken power line wire lies on the ground and poses a danger to others, then the installer must fence off the accident site; At the same time, he must remember that he can enter the zone of current spreading only in dielectric galoshes, so as not to fall under the action of step voltage. It is prohibited to approach a power line with a voltage above 1000 V at a distance of less than 8 m. If it is impossible to fence off the area of the cliff, then measures should be taken to warn people passing by about the impending danger. The installer has the right to repair damage to the communication line wires only after eliminating their contact with the power line.

When servicing LANs through which remote power is transmitted to amplification points and feeder lines of radio broadcasting nodes, technical personnel must clearly know through which circuits it is transmitted. Without removing the DP, it is allowed to carry out low-level linear work, checking the supports for rotting, strengthening the supports), clearing wires from frost with non-conducting poles (for example, wooden ones), climbing onto the support and eliminating damage to the LS wires located below the DP circuits. In this case, be sure to wear dielectric gloves and work with tools with insulating handles.

Major and scheduled maintenance repairs of circuits through which DP is transmitted must be carried out only with complete voltage relief, according to the order issued by the technical manager of the communications enterprise. Damage can be repaired by personal (telephone) order of the head of the line shop, shift engineer or persons responsible for the timely switching on and off of the DP. The order must be recorded in the operational log. The DP is turned off in two places - on the switching board using a switch or key and on the DP board of the amplifier point by removing the fuse. Warning posters are posted on the board: “Do not turn on! People are working." The number of posters must correspond to the number of crews working on the line. Only the person who hung it or his replacement can remove the poster. You can start work on the line only after receiving a notification about the removal of the DP, making sure that there is no voltage using a pointer or indicator. The DP is turned on after all teams have received a message about the completion of work.

To protect overhead power lines and power lines from destruction and to protect operating personnel from dangerous voltages that may appear due to lightning discharges or the influence of electrified railways, as well as power lines, the most critical supports (input, transition, corner, control, cable) are equipped with lightning rods and spark gaps.

Lightning rods protect supports from direct lightning strikes. They are laid along the support and are made of steel wire with a diameter of 4-5 mm, the lower end of which is grounded. Spark gaps are connected between the line and the lightning rod.

When dangerous voltage appears on the line, a breakdown of the air gap of the arrester occurs and the circuit is closed to ground. At high voltages that can occur on the line, a circuit with one arrester does not always give a positive result, therefore a circuit with several arresters that are switched on at a certain distance from each other, or the so-called cascade protection circuit, is used