Ancient Greek philosophy can still teach us a lot today. The worldview of ancient philosophers is striking in its optimism, virtue and wisdom. Below are 9 quotes life principles, which were professed by the most famous ancient philosophers of Ancient Greece.

1. Do everything with unconditional love.

A person should do what he loves. Only in this case will he succeed. It's better to be a good carpenter than a bad banker. Sincere love for your work is your calling.

“Work done with pleasure allows you to achieve excellence”- Aristotle.

“It is better to do a small part of a task perfectly than to do ten times as much poorly.”- Aristotle

“Never do anything you don’t know, but learn everything you need to know.”- Pythagoras

“Each person is worth exactly as much as the cause for which he cares is worth.”- Epicurus.

“Where a person resists, there is his prison.”- Epictetus.

1. Don’t complain, don’t lose heart, don’t live in the past.

The biggest obstacle for a person in this world is himself. Other obstacles and unfavorable circumstances are the reason to look for new opportunities and unexpected ideas.

“A man who is dissatisfied with few things is not satisfied with anything.”- Epicurus.

“When leaving for a foreign land, don’t look back”- Pythagoras.

"Live today, forget the past"- ancient Greek proverb.

“Small opportunities often become the beginning of great enterprises”- Demosthenes.

“The great science of living happily is to live only in the present”- Pythagoras.

“The first and best victory is victory over yourself”- Plato.

“For their misfortunes, people tend to blame fate, the gods, and everything else, but not themselves” - Plato.

1. Believe in yourself, listen to yourself and don’t always take for granted what others say.

Nobody knows you better than you. In life, you will come across many people who will share with you their ideas, opinions and views on various situations. You will meet many people who will give you free advice on how you should manage your life. Listen without judgment, draw conclusions, but follow the dictates of your heart - ancient philosophers urge in their aphorisms.

“Learn to listen and you can benefit even from those who speak ill of you.”- Plutarch.

“First of all, don’t lose your self-respect”- Pythagoras.

“Learn to be silent, let your cold mind listen and heed”- Pythagoras.

“Whatever they think of you, do what you think is fair. Be equally impartial to both blame and praise."- Pythagoras.

“If you live in harmony with nature, you will never be poor, and if you live in harmony with human opinion, you will never be rich.”- Epicurus.

1. Don't lose faith.

Replace fears and misgivings with faith and hope. Humility, love and faith can work miracles. Everything will happen at the right time and in the right place.

"Hope is a daydream"- Aristotle.

“No fruit ripens suddenly, neither a bunch of grapes nor a fig tree. If you tell me that you want figs, I will tell you that time will have to pass. Let the tree bloom first, and then the fruits ripen."- Epictetus.

1. Always strive to think and feel positively.

The ancient Greeks preached: “Think positive thoughts.” If negative thoughts fill your head, wave them goodbye and replace them with positive thoughts of beauty, happiness and love. Focus on the present, and the things for which you are grateful to God. Stay away negative people around you and always surround yourself with happy and positive people.

“Fear and sadness that have taken possession of a person for a long time are conducive to illness”- Hippocrates.

“The human brain contains the cause of many diseases”- Hippocrates.

“Happiness depends on ourselves”- Aristotle.

“The brain is the place where pleasure, laughter and joy arise. From it come melancholy, sorrow and crying.”- Hippocrates.

6. Improve yourself and discover new horizons for yourself.

“Explore everything, give the mind first place”- Pythagoras.

“Work, good spirits and the striving of the mind for perfection, for knowledge lead to results that decorate life”- Hippocrates.

7. In difficult situations, look for strength and courage within yourself.

“Courage is a virtue by virtue of which people perform wonderful deeds in danger.”- Aristotle.

“People need courage and fortitude not only against the weapons of enemies, but also against any blows of fate.”- Plutarch.

“You don’t develop the courage to be happy in a relationship every day. You will develop it in difficult times and through all sorts of adversity."- Epicurus.

"You will never do anything in this world without courage. This is the greatest quality in a person and should be honored."- Aristotle.

8. Forgive yourself and others for mistakes.

View your mistakes positively as learning experiences that will help you ultimately achieve your dreams. Mistakes and failures are inevitable.

"It's better to expose own mistakes than strangers"- Democritus.

“To live and not make a single mistake is not in the power of man, but from one’s mistakes it is good to learn wisdom in the future.”- Plutarch.

“To make no mistakes is a property of the gods, but not of man.”- Demosthenes.

“Every business is improved by mastering technology. Every skill is achieved through exercise."- Hippocrates.

9. Virtue and compassion.

The views of ancient Greek philosophers echo the later Christianity. It is no coincidence that medieval Christian theologians called Aristotle a spontaneous Christian, although he lived long before the birth of Jesus Christ.

"What is a sense of life? Serve others and do good"- Aristotle.

“Live with people so that your friends do not become enemies, and your enemies become friends”- Pythagoras.

“Boys stone frogs for fun, but frogs really die.”- Plutarch.

“Immortality, alien to our nature, and power dependent for the most part from luck, we thirst and strive, and we put moral perfection - the only divine blessing available to us - in last place.”- Plutarch.

“Two things make a man godlike: living for the good of society and truthfulness.”- Pythagoras.

« For the sun to rise, there is no need for prayers or spells; it suddenly begins to send its rays to the joy of everyone. So don’t wait for applause, noise, or praise to do good—do good deeds voluntarily—and you will be loved like the sun.”- Epictetus.

“Always prefer a short but honest life to a long but shameful life”- Epictetus.

“Burning yourself, shine for others”- Hippocrates.

“By caring for the happiness of others, we find our own”- Plato.

“A person who has received a benefit must remember it all his life, and a person who has shown a benefit must immediately forget about it.”- Demosthenes.

In order to wake up, you need to stop looking around and turn your gaze inward. – Carl-Gustav Jung

Man himself invents the boundaries of the world. It can be the size of a street - or it can become endless. – Arthur Schopenhauer

We ourselves come up with impossible things. They are difficult only because we cannot decide to take on them.

Philosophy can easily explain the past and the future, but it gives in to the present.

Life is what philosophers earn their living for, wasting ink on treatises that are of no use to anyone but themselves.

Every doctor is by definition a philosopher. After all, medicine must be supported by wisdom. – Hippocrates

When something new bursts into life, a person turns into a philosopher.

The world is more beautiful than a dream. Tastier than gourmet dishes. Let him in. Fall in love. Maybe there’s only a minute left to live. And you have the last 60 seconds of happiness... - Ray Bradbury

Forward! Don't stop for a moment. Live brightly, walk on the edge, give emotions and get LIFE!

We earn coins to spend them. We're running out of time to get it. And we fight for peace. – Aristotle

Continue reading quotes from philosophers on the following pages:

There are two types of love: one is simple, the other is mutual. Simple - when the loved one does not love the loving one. Then the lover is completely dead. When the beloved responds to love, then the lover, at least, lives in him. There is something amazing about this. Ficino M.

Not to be loved is just failure, not to love is misfortune. – A. Camus

When the one you love is not there, you have to love what is. Corneille Pierre

The girl who laughs is already half won.

The girlfriend's shortcomings escape the attention of the lover. Horace

When you love, you discover such wealth in yourself, so much tenderness, affection, you can’t even believe that you know how to love like that. Chernyshevsky N. G.

All buildings will fall, collapse, and grass will grow on them. Only the building of love is incorruptible, weeds will not grow on it. Hafiz

The moments of meeting and parting are for many the greatest moments in life. – Kozma Prutkov

False love is more likely the result of ignorance, rather than a lack of ability to love. J. Baines.

Love takes on meaning only when it is reciprocated. Leonardo Felice Buscaglia.

There are many cures for love, but there is not a single sure cure. – Francois La Rochefoucauld

Love is the only passion that recognizes neither the past nor the future. Balzac O.

Just as ugliness is an expression of hatred, so beauty is an expression of love. Otto Weininger

Love is in the heart, and therefore desire is impermanent, but love is unchangeable. The desire disappears after it is satisfied; the reason for this is that love comes from the union of souls, and desire - from the union of feelings. Penn William

You cannot love either the one you fear or the one who fears you. Cicero

The source of every error in life is a lack of memory. Otto Weininger

Constancy is the everlasting dream of love. Vauvenargues

Love itself is the law; it is stronger, I swear, than all the rights of earthly people. Any right and any decree Before love is nothing for us. Chaucer J.

Love is an amazing counterfeiter, constantly turning not only coppers into gold, but often gold into coppers. Balzac O.

One should love a friend, remembering that he can become an enemy, and hate an enemy, remembering that he can become a friend. – Sophocles

When we love, we lose sight. Lope de Vega

Deceived love is no longer love. Corneille Pierre

If a woman hates you, it means she loved you, loves you or will love you. – German proverb

Love is like a tree; it grows by itself, takes deep roots into our entire being and often continues to turn green and bloom even on the ruins of our heart. Hugo V.

Philosophy heals the spirit (souls). - Unknown author

A person feels his duty only if he is free. Henri Bergson

Love is the strongest, the holiest, the most unspeakable. Karamzin N. M.

There is no time limit for affection: you can always love as long as your heart is alive. Karamzin N.M.

Love for a woman has great, irreplaceable meaning for us; it is like salt for meat: permeating the heart, it protects it from spoilage. Hugo V.

Love is a theorem that must be proven every day! Archimedes

There is no force in the world more powerful than love. I. Stravinsky.

Equality is the strongest foundation of love. Lessing

Love that is afraid of obstacles is not love. Galsworthy D.

One day you will realize that love heals everything and love is all there is. G. Zukav

The science of good and evil alone constitutes the subject of philosophy. – Seneca (Younger)

Love is a person’s idea of ​​his need for a person to whom he is attracted. – T.Tobbs

Love is not a virtue, love is a weakness that, if necessary, can and should be resisted. Knigge A.F.

Philosophy is the teacher of life. - Unknown author

In love, silence is more valuable than words. It’s good when embarrassment binds our tongue: silence has its own eloquence, which reaches the heart better than any words. How much can a lover say to his beloved when he is silent in confusion, and how much intelligence he reveals at the same time. Pascal Blaise

The woman does not want people to talk about her love affairs, but she wants everyone to know that she is loved. – Andre Maurois

The love of wisdom (the science of wisdom) is called philosophy. – Cicero Marcus Tullius

Love is the desire to achieve the friendship of someone who attracts with their beauty. Cicero

Marriage and love have different aspirations: Marriage seeks benefits, love seeks!. Corneille Pierre

Love is blind, and it can blind a person so that the road that seems most reliable to him turns out to be the most slippery. Navarre M.

Love alone is the joy of a cold life, Love alone is the torment of hearts: It gives only one joyful moment, And there is no end in sight to sorrows. Pushkin A. S.

Love is the beginning and end of our existence. Without love there is no life. That's why love is something that one bows down to a wise man. Confucius

Love is a disease of tenderness. – A. Kruglov

Love is like a tree: it grows by itself, takes deep roots into our entire being and often continues to turn green and bloom even on the ruins of our heart. – V. Hugo

No one can understand what it is real love, until he has been married for a quarter of a century. Mark Twain

Evolution is a continuously renewed creativity. Henri Bergson

Everything that is not colored by love remains colorless. – G.Hauptmann

Oh, how murderously we love, How in the violent blindness of passions We most certainly destroy that which is dear to our hearts! Tyutchev F. I.

Love should not ask and should not demand, love should have the power to be confident in itself. Then it is not something that attracts her, but she herself attracts. Hesse.

We fight to live in peace. Aristotle

A lover is always ready to believe in the reality of what he fears. Ovid

Love! This is the most sublime and victorious of all passions! But her all-conquering power lies in boundless generosity, in almost supersensible selflessness. Heine G.

To love means to admit that your loved one is right when he is wrong. – Sh. Peguy

In jealousy there is more love for oneself than for another. La Rochefoucauld.

Love burns differently according to different characters. In a lion, a burning and bloodthirsty flame is expressed in a roar, in arrogant souls - in disdain, in gentle souls - in tears and despondency. Helvetius K.

Every obstacle to love only strengthens it. Shakespeare W.

A lovers' quarrel is a renewal of love. Terence

To love means to stop comparing. – Grasse

Live first, and then philosophize.

Time strengthens friendship, but weakens love. – LaBruyère

Philosophy and medicine have made man the most intelligent of animals, fortune telling and astrology the most insane, superstition and despotism the most unfortunate. – D. Sinopsky

Love is not tarnished by friendship. The end is the end. – Remarque

Triumph over oneself is the crown of philosophy. – Diogenes of Sinope

Love is the tendency to find pleasure in the goodness, perfection, and happiness of another person. Leibniz G.

Those who don't have one talk the most about the future. Francis Bacon

Love is the only one of all spheres of human communication that represents an amazing interweaving of spiritual and physical pleasure, creating a feeling of life being filled with meaning and happiness. S. Ilyina.

This is the law of lovers: They are all brothers to each other. Rustaveli Sh.

The only thing that matters at the end of our time on earth is how much we loved, what was the quality of our love. Richard Bach.

Isn't it a delusion to seek peace in love? After all, there is no cure for love, the elders tell us. Hafiz

Love is like a sticky disease: the more you are afraid of it, the sooner you will catch it. – Chamfort

Most of all people love to be loved.

Nothing strengthens love like insurmountable obstacles. Lope de Vega

Seeking variety in love is a sign of powerlessness. Balzac O.

Man has an eternal, elevating need to love. France A.

It is much easier to grieve for someone you love than to live with someone you hate. Labruyère J.

Marital love multiplies the human race; friendly love perfects it. – Francis Bacon

To love is to find your own happiness in the happiness of another. Leibniz G.

Love is like the sea. Its breadth knows no shores. Give her all your blood and soul: there is no other measure here. Hafiz

A person is ready to do a lot to awaken love, but decide to do anything to arouse envy.

Pythagoras was the first to give philosophy its name. – Apuleius

Love hurts even the gods. Petronius

Love is characteristic only of a sane person. Epictetus

Bring philosophy down to earth. – Cicero Marcus Tullius

The philosophy of each specialty is based on the connection of the latter with other specialties, at the points of contact of which it must be sought. Henry Thomas Buckle

A woman knows the meaning of love, and a man knows its price. – Marty Larney

It is easier for a woman to fall in love than to confess her love. And it’s easier for a man to confess than to fall in love. – Konstantin Melikhan

Love is the lamp that illuminates the Universe; without the light of love, the earth would turn into a barren desert, and man would turn into a handful of dust. M. Braddon

In love there is despotism and slavery. And the most despotic is female love, which demands everything for itself! Berdyaev N. A.

This is how nature works: nothing strengthens love for a person more than the fear of losing him. Pliny the Younger

The more love a person shows, the more people love him. And the more he is loved, the easier it is for him to love others. – L.N. Tolstoy

Love grows from waiting for a long time and quickly fades, having quickly received its reward. Menander

He who doesn’t love anyone himself, it seems to me, no one loves him either. Democritus

Love conquers everything, let us submit to its power. Virgil

Love, like fire, goes out without food. – M.Yu. Lermontov

I know for sure that love will pass, When two hearts are separated by the sea. Lope de Vega

Love should not fog, but refresh, not darken, but brighten thoughts, since it should nest in the heart and mind of a person, and not serve only as fun for external feelings that generate only passion. Milton John

When you love, you want to do something in the name of love. I want to sacrifice myself. I want to serve. Hemingway E.

The truth is that there is only one highest value - love. Helen Hayes.

For a person who loves only himself, the most intolerable thing is to be left alone with himself. Pascal Blaise

Love is abundant in both honey and gall. Plautus

Joy and happiness are the children of love, but love itself, like strength, is patience and pity. Prishvin M. M.

Everything is for the best in this best of all worlds. Voltaire

When love comes, the soul is filled with unearthly bliss. Do you know why? Do you know why this feeling of great happiness? Only because we imagine that the end of loneliness has come. Maupassant G.

If you seek to solve any problem, do it with love. You will understand that the cause of your problem is a lack of love, for this is the cause of all problems. Ken Carey.

He who truly loves is not jealous. The main essence of love is trust. Take away trust from love - you take away from it the consciousness of its own strength and duration, all of its bright side, and therefore all of its greatness. – Anna Stahl

Love is a priceless gift. This is the only thing we can give and yet you still have it. L. Tolstoy.

Love is harder to break than hordes of enemies. Racine Jean

For love there is no yesterday, love does not think about tomorrow. She greedily reaches out to this day, but she needs this whole day, unlimited, unclouded. Heine G.

Old love is not forgotten. Petronius

You can't pick roses without being pricked by thorns. – Ferdowsi

Love is a competition between a man and a woman to bring each other as much happiness as possible. – Stendhal

WITH strong love black suspicions cannot get along. Abelard Pierre

He who did not know love was as if he had not lived. Moliere

Friendship often ends in love, but love rarely ends in friendship. – C. Colton

Philosophy is always considered a lamp for all sciences, a means for accomplishing every task, the support of all institutions... - Arthashastra

There are no Big Things without Big Difficulties. Voltaire

Neither mind, nor heart, nor soul are worth a penny in love. Ronsard P.

Love is too great a feeling to be only a personal, intimate matter for everyone! Shaw B.

If there was no one to love, I would fall in love with a doorknob. – Pablo Picasso

True love cannot speak, because true love is expressed in deeds rather than in words. Shakespeare W.

Others think that old love should be knocked out new love like a wedge with a wedge. Cicero

Love cannot be harmful, but if only it were love, and not the wolf of selfishness in sheep's clothing love... Tolstoy L.N.

Dying from love means living it. Hugo V.

Everyone's love is the same. Virgil

Love and hunger rule the world. – Schiller

Love cannot be cured with herbs. Ovid

Philosophy is the mother of all sciences. – Cicero Marcus Tullius

There is no such nonsense that some philosopher has not taught. – Cicero Marcus Tullius

What should guide people who want to live their lives flawlessly, no relatives, no honors, no wealth, and indeed nothing in the world can teach them better than love. Plato.

The first sign of love: in men - timidity, in women - courage. Hugo V.

There must be love in life - one great love in a lifetime, this justifies the causeless attacks of despair to which we are subject. Albert Camus.

Love destroys death and turns it into an empty ghost; it turns life from nonsense into something meaningful and makes happiness out of misfortune. Tolstoy L. N.

The first sign of love: in men - timidity, in women - courage. – V. Hugo

In love, longing competes with joy. Publius

The forces of love are great, disposing those who love to difficult feats and enduring extreme, unexpected dangers. Boccaccio D.

You must always live in love with something inaccessible to you. A person becomes taller by stretching upward. M. Gorky.

Do we have the power to fall in love or not to fall in love? And is it that, having fallen in love, we have the power to act as if it had not happened? Diderot D.

Truth cannot contradict truth. Giordano Bruno

Like a fire that easily flares up in reeds, straw or hare's hair, but quickly goes out if it does not find other food, love blazes brightly with blooming youth and physical attractiveness, but will soon fade away if it is not nourished by the spiritual virtues and good character of young spouses . Plutarch

The one deceived in love knows no mercy. Corneille Pierre

There is love that prevents a person from living. Gorky M.

Love, love, when you take possession of us, we can say: forgive us, prudence! Lafontaine

The greatest joy in a person’s life is to be loved, but no less so is to love oneself. Pliny the Younger

Only those who have stopped loving are restrained. Corneille Pierre

If the choice in love were decided only by will and reason, then love would not be a feeling and passion. The presence of an element of spontaneity is visible in the most rational love, because from several equally worthy persons only one is chosen, and this choice is based on the involuntary attraction of the heart. Belinsky V.

Philosophy is the medicine of the soul. – Cicero Marcus Tullius

Anyone who loves solitude, either - wild animal, or - Lord God. Francis Bacon

Choose who you will love. Cicero

Augustine Blessed Aurelius - Christian theologian and philosopher, influential preacher, Bishop of Hippo. One of the Fathers christian church, founder of Augustinianism. Founder of Christian philosophy of history. Augustine's Christian Neoplatonism dominated Western European philosophy and Catholic theology until the 13th century, when it was replaced by the Christian Aristotelianism of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Some of the information about Augustine goes back to his autobiographical Confessions. His most famous theological and philosophical work is On the City of God. Through Manichaeism, skepticism and Neoplatonism he came to Christianity, whose teaching about the Fall and pardon made a strong impression on him. In particular, he defends the doctrine of predestination: a person is predetermined by God to bliss or damnation, but this was done by Him according to the foreknowledge of human free choice - the desire for bliss, or the rejection of it. Human history, which Augustine sets out in his book “On the City of God,” “the first world history,” in his understanding is a struggle between two hostile kingdoms - the kingdom of adherents of everything earthly, the enemies of God, that is, the secular world, and the kingdom of God. At the same time, he identifies the Kingdom of God, in accordance with its earthly form of existence, with the Roman Church. Augustine teaches about self-reliance human consciousness and the cognitive power of love. At the creation of the world, God laid the embryonic forms of all things in the material world, from which they then independently develop.

Adam Smith; baptized and possibly born June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy, Scotland, UK - July 17, 1790, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK - Scottish economist, ethical philosopher; one of the founders of modern economic theory.

Alfred North Whitehead is a British mathematician, logician, and philosopher who, together with Bertrand Russell, wrote the fundamental work “Principia Mathematica,” which formed the basis of logicism and type theory. After World War I, he taught at Harvard University and developed his own Platonic teaching with elements of Bergsonianism.

Anacharsis is a Scythian, the son of King Gnur, brother of King Savlius and Kaduit. He arrived in Athens during the time of Solon, where he met with Solon himself and with another noble Scythian Toxar, who was known in Athens as a doctor and sage, and later traveled to other Greek cities. Diodorus Siculus and Diogenes Laertius indicate that he, along with other sages, visited the Lydian king Croesus, whom the Persians considered an adviser on Scythia. Anacharsis became famous as a sage, philosopher and supporter of moderation in everything; he was numbered among the seven sages and many reasonable sayings and inventions were attributed to him. There are more than 50 sayings of Anacharsis on various topics: reflections on human behavior; about relationships between people; about protecting one's own dignity; about envy; about the meaning of language; about navigation; about gymnastics; about politics and social order; about wine and the dangers of drunkenness, etc. Ten “cynic” letters of Anacharsis are known: to the Lydian king Croesus, the Athenians, Solon, the tyrant Hipparchus, Medoc, Annon, the king’s son, Tereus - the cruel ruler of Thrace, Thrasilochus. These letters, bearing the name of Anacharsis, according to scientists, date back to the 3rd-1st centuries. BC e. and are adjacent to a tradition that idealized “natural”, “barbarian” peoples and was filled with acute social content under the influence of Cynicism. According to legend, Anacharsis invented the anchor, an improved potter's wheel and the sail.

Henri Bergson is one of the most significant philosophers of the 20th century, a representative of intuitionism and philosophy of life. Laureate Nobel Prize on Literature 1927 "in recognition of his rich and animating ideas, and the excellent skill with which they were presented."

Metropolitan Anthony - Bishop of Russia Orthodox Church, Metropolitan of Sourozh. Philosopher, preacher. Author of numerous books and articles in different languages ​​about spiritual life and Orthodox spirituality.

Aristippus (c. 435 - c. 355 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher from Cyrene in North Africa, founder of the Cyrene or hedonic school, student and friend of Socrates, with a sophistic bent. Among his students was his daughter Aretha. According to him, knowledge is based on perceptions alone, the causes of which, however, are unknowable. The perceptions of other people are also inaccessible to us; we can only rely on their statements. For Aristippus, eudaimonia is not a concomitant phenomenon with the discovery of ability, as Socrates understood it, but the consciousness of self-control in pleasure: the sage enjoys pleasure without succumbing to it taking possession of him. There is no need to complain about the past or fear the future. In thinking, as in action, only the present should be given importance. This is the only thing we can freely dispose of.

Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher. Disciple of Plato. From 343 BC e. - teacher of Alexander the Great. In 335/4 BC. e. founded the Lyceum. Naturalist of the classical period. The most influential of the dialecticians of antiquity; founder of formal logic. He created a conceptual apparatus that still permeates the philosophical lexicon and the very style of scientific thinking. Aristotle was the first thinker to create a comprehensive system of philosophy that covered all spheres of human development: sociology, philosophy, politics, logic, physics. His views on ontology had a serious influence on the subsequent development of human thought. The metaphysical doctrine of Aristotle was accepted by Thomas Aquinas and developed by the scholastic method.

Arthur Schopenhauer - German philosopher. One of the most famous thinkers of irrationalism, a misanthrope. He gravitated toward German romanticism, was fond of mysticism, highly appreciated the main works of Immanuel Kant, calling them “the most important phenomenon that philosophy has known for two millennia,” valued the philosophical ideas of Buddhism, the Upanishads, as well as Epictetus, Cicero and others. He criticized his contemporaries Hegel and Fichte. Called existing world, in contrast to the sophistic, as he put it, Leibniz’s fabrications - “the worst of possible worlds”, for which he received the nickname “philosopher of pessimism”. The main philosophical work is “The World as Will and Representation,” which Schopenhauer was commenting on and popularizing until his death. Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of the will, his views on human motivation and desires, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many famous thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, Leo Tolstoy and Jorge Luis Borges.

Bertrand Arthur William Russell is a British philosopher, social activist and mathematician. Russell is known for his work in defense of pacifism, atheism, as well as liberalism and left-wing political movements, and made invaluable contributions to mathematical logic, the history of philosophy and the theory of knowledge. Less known are his works on aesthetics, pedagogy and sociology. Russell is considered one of the main founders of English neorealism, as well as neopositivism. In 1950 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Andre Oesterling, a member of the Swedish Academy, described the scientist as “one of the most brilliant representatives of rationalism and humanism, a fearless fighter for freedom of speech and freedom of thought in the West.” The American philosopher Irwin Edman highly valued Russell's works, even compared him with Voltaire, emphasizing that he, “like his famous compatriots, the philosophers of old, is a master of English prose.” The editorial notes to the memorial collection "Bertrand Russell - Philosopher of the Century" noted that Russell's contribution to mathematical logic is the most significant and fundamental since the time of Aristotle.

Viktor Emil Frankl - Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist, former prisoner of the Nazi concentration camp. Frankl is the creator of logotherapy, a method of existential psychoanalysis that became the basis of the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy.

Vladimir Vasilyevich Mironov - Russian philosopher, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (1998), Honored Professor of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (2009), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (May 29, 2008), Head of the Department of Ontology and Theory of Knowledge, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University named after M V. Lomonosova (since 1998), dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (since 1998, re-elected in June 2003 in June 2008 in June 2013). In 2001-2008, he worked as Vice-Rector of the University: Head of the Office of Academic Policy of Moscow State University (until 2006), Head of the Office of Academic Planning and Methodological Support educational activities Moscow State University (from 2006 to 2008). Laureate of the Lomonosov Prize, 2nd degree (2008).

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky is a Russian and Soviet naturalist, thinker and public figure of the 20th century. Academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, one of the founders and first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Creator of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; creator of the science of biogeochemistry. His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activity, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy. Laureate of the Stalin Prize, 1st degree.

Voltaire (birth name François-Marie Arouet, French François Marie Arouet; Voltaire - an anagram of “Arouet le j(eune)” - “Arouet the Younger” (Latin spelling - AROVETLI) - one of the largest French enlightenment philosophers of the 18th century: poet , novelist, satirist, tragedian, historian, publicist, human rights activist.

Heraclitus of Ephesus (544-483 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher. Founder of the first historical or original form of dialectics. Heraclitus was known as the Gloomy or Dark One, and his philosophical system contrasted with the ideas of Democritus, which later generations took notice of. His only work, from which only a few dozen fragments of quotes have survived, is the book “On Nature,” which consisted of three parts (“On Nature,” “On the State,” “On God”).

Herodotus of Halicarnassus is an ancient Greek historian, the author of the first full-scale historical treatise - “History” - describing the Greco-Persian wars and the customs of many contemporary peoples. Just as ancient Greek poetry begins for us with Homer, so practically historiography begins with Herodotus; his predecessors are called logographers. The works of Herodotus were of great importance for ancient culture. Cicero called him "the father of history." Herodotus is an extremely important source on the history of Great Scythia, including dozens of ancient peoples in the territory of modern Ukraine and Russia.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Founder and first president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences. The most important scientific achievements: Leibniz, independently of Newton, created mathematical analysis - differential and integral calculus based on infinitesimals. Leibniz created combinatorics as a science; Only in the entire history of mathematics he worked equally freely with both continuous and discrete. He laid the foundations of mathematical logic. He described the binary number system with the numbers 0 and 1, on which modern computer technology is based. In mechanics, he introduced the concept of “living force” and formulated the law of conservation of energy. In psychology, he put forward the concept of unconsciously “small perceptions” and developed the doctrine of unconscious mental life. Leibniz is also the finalizer of the philosophy of the 17th century and the predecessor of German classical philosophy, the creator of a philosophical system called monadology. He developed the doctrine of analysis and synthesis, and for the first time formulated the law of sufficient reason; Leibniz is also the author of the modern formulation of the law of identity; he coined the term “model” and wrote about the possibility of machine modeling of the functions of the human brain. Leibniz expressed the idea of ​​converting some types of energy into others, formulated one of the most important variational principles of physics - the “principle of least action” - and made a number of discoveries in special branches of physics.

David Emile Durkheim is a French sociologist and philosopher, founder of the French sociological school and structural-functional analysis. Along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, he is considered the founder of sociology as an independent science. The integrity and coherence of societies in modernity, devoid of traditional and religious ties, represented Durkheim's main research interest. The sociologist's first major work, “On the Division of Social Labor,” was published in 1893, and two years later he published his “Rules of Sociological Method.” At the same time, he became the first professor of sociology at the first sociological faculty in France. In 1897, he presented the monograph “Suicide”, where he spent comparative analysis suicide statistics in Catholic and Protestant societies. This work, which laid the foundation for modern social research, made it possible to finally separate sociology from psychology and political philosophy. In 1898, Durkheim founded the journal L'Année Sociologique. Finally, in his 1912 book The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Durkheim presented his theory of religion, based on a comparison of the social and cultural life of Aboriginal and modern people.

Dalai Lama XIV (Ngagwang Lovzang Tenjin Gyamtsho, Tib. བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་) - spiritual leader of Buddhists of Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kal Mykia and other regions. Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1989). In 2006 he was awarded the highest US award - the Congressional Gold Medal. Until April 27, 2011, he also headed the Tibetan government in exile (he was replaced by Lobsang Sangay).

Dajian Hui-neng, sometimes Hui-neng, Huineng, Hui-neng - the patriarch of Chinese Chan Buddhism, one of the most important figures in the tradition. Hui-neng was the sixth and last general patriarch of Chan. IN Japanese tradition Hui-neng is known as Daikan Eno.

Denis Diderot is a French writer, educational philosopher and playwright who founded the Encyclopedia, or Dictionary sciences, arts and crafts." Foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, d'Alembert and other encyclopedists, Diderot was the ideologist of the third estate and the creator of those ideas of the Enlightenment Age that prepared minds for the French Revolution. Diderot died of a gastrointestinal disease in Paris on July 31, 1784.

Gibran Khalil Gibran, Arab. جبران خليل جبران‎‎, English. Khalil or Kahlil Gibran, Gibran Khalil Gibran is a Lebanese and American philosopher, artist, poet and writer. Outstanding Arab writer and philosopher of the 20th century. The book The Prophet, which glorified Gibran Kahlil Gibran, is the pinnacle of the poet’s philosophy. Translated into more than 100 languages. In 1895, Gibran Khalil Gibran emigrated to the United States with his mother, brother and sisters. Lived in Boston.

Jiddu Krishnamurti is an Indian philosopher. He was a famous speaker on philosophical and spiritual topics. These included: the psychological revolution, the nature of consciousness, meditation, relationships between people, achieving positive changes in society. He repeatedly emphasized the need for a revolution in the consciousness of each individual person and especially emphasized that such changes cannot be achieved with the help of external forces - be it religion, politics or society. Jiddu Krishnamurti was born in colonial India into a strictly vegetarian, Telugu-speaking Brahmin family. In his early youth, when his family lived in the city of Madras, next door to the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, he was noticed by the famous occultist and high-ranking Theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater. Leadbeater and Annie Besant, leaders of the Theosophical Society at that time, took the boy under their wing and raised him for many years, believing that Krishnamurti was the “guide” they were waiting for for the World Teacher. Subsequently, Krishnamurti lost faith in Theosophy and liquidated the organization created to support him, the Order of the Eastern Star.

John Locke is a British educator and philosopher, a representative of empiricism and liberalism. Contributed to the spread of sensationalism. His ideas had a huge influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. He is widely recognized as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and theorists of liberalism. Locke's letters influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and American revolutionaries. His influence is also reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke's theoretical constructs were also noted by later philosophers such as David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first thinker to reveal personality through the continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind is a "blank slate", that is, contrary to Cartesian philosophy, Locke argued that people are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience gained by sense perception.

John Stuart Mill is a British philosopher, economist and political activist. He made significant contributions to social science, political science and political economy. He made fundamental contributions to the philosophy of liberalism. He defended the concept of individual freedom as opposed to unlimited government control. He was a supporter of the ethical doctrine of utilitarianism. There is an opinion that Mill was the most notable English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century. For a number of years he was a member of the British Parliament.

Giordano Bruno (Italian Giordano Bruno; real name Filippo, nickname - Bruno Nolanets; 1548, Nola near Naples - February 17, 1600, Rome) - Italian Dominican monk, philosopher and poet, representative of pantheism. As a Catholic monk, Giordano Bruno developed Neoplatonism in the spirit of Renaissance naturalism and tried to give a philosophical interpretation of the teachings of Copernicus in this vein. Bruno expressed a number of guesses that were ahead of his era and substantiated only by subsequent astronomical discoveries: that the stars are distant suns, about the existence of planets unknown in his time within our solar system, that in the Universe there are countless bodies similar to our Sun. Bruno was not the first to think about the plurality of worlds and the infinity of the Universe: before him, such ideas were put forward by ancient atomists, Epicureans, and Nicholas of Cusa. Was convicted Catholic Church as a heretic and was sentenced to death by burning by the secular court of Rome. In 1889, almost three centuries later, a monument was erected in his honor at the site of Giordano Bruno's execution.

Daniel Clement Dennett is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research lies in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Research at Tufts University. Dennett is also a prominent critic of religion and a member of the Brights movement.

Elena Petrovna Blavatsky is a Russian noblewoman, US citizen, religious philosopher of theosophical movement, writer, publicist, occultist and spiritualist, traveler. Blavatsky declared herself the chosen one of a certain “great spiritual origin”, as well as a student of the brotherhood of Tibetan Mahatmas, who were declared to her as “keepers of sacred knowledge,” and began to preach her own version of theosophy. In 1875, in New York, together with Colonel G. S. Olcott and lawyer W. C. Judge, she founded the Theosophical Society, which set itself the task of studying all philosophical and religious teachings without exception in order to identify the truth in them, which, in the opinion of Blavatsky and her followers will help to reveal the supersensible powers of man and to comprehend the mysterious phenomena in nature. One of the main goals of the society was stated to be “to form the nucleus of a Universal Brotherhood without distinction of race, color, sex, caste or creed.” Later, the headquarters of the society moved to India in the city of Adyar, near Madras.

Jean William Fritz Piaget is a Swiss psychologist and philosopher, known for his work on the study of child psychology, and the creator of the theory of cognitive development. The founder of the Geneva school of genetic psychology, later J. Piaget developed his approach into the science of the nature of knowledge - genetic epistemology.

Gilles Deleuze is a French poststructuralist philosopher who, together with psychoanalyst Felix Guattari, wrote the famous treatise Anti-Oedipus. Deleuze and Guattari introduced the terms “rhizome”, “schizoanalysis”, “body without organs” into the philosophical lexicon.

Georges Bataille is a French philosopher and writer of left-wing convictions who researched and comprehended the irrational aspects of social life and developed the category of the “sacred.” His literary works are filled with "blasphemy, images of temptation by evil, self-destructive erotic experience."

Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin is a Russian philosopher, writer and publicist, supporter of the White movement and consistent critic of communist power in Russia, ideologist of the Russian All-Military Union. In exile he became a supporter of the so-called. monarchists-“non-predeterminists”, gravitated towards the intellectual tradition of the Slavophiles and until his death remained an opponent of communism and Bolshevism. Ilyin’s views greatly influenced the worldview of other Russian conservative intellectuals of the 20th century, including, for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte is a German philosopher. One of the representatives of German classical philosophy and the founders of a group of movements in philosophy known as subjective idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical works of Immanuel Kant. Fichte is often seen as a figure whose philosophical ideas served as a bridge between the ideas of Kant and the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Just like Descartes and Kant, the problem of objectivity and consciousness served as his motive. philosophical reflections. Fichte also wrote works on political philosophy, and because of this he is perceived by some philosophers as the father of German nationalism.

Karl Heinrich Marx - German philosopher, sociologist, economist, writer, political journalist, public figure. His works shaped dialectical and historical materialism in philosophy, the theory of surplus value in economics, and the theory of class struggle in politics. These directions became the basis of the communist and socialist movement and ideology, receiving the name “Marxism”. Author of such works as “Manifesto communist party", "Capital". Some of his works were written in collaboration with like-minded person Friedrich Engels.

Sir Karl Raymund Popper is an Austrian and British philosopher and sociologist. One of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century. Popper is best known for his writings on the philosophy of science and social and political philosophy, in which he criticized the classical concept of scientific method, and also vigorously defended the principles of democracy and social criticism that he proposed to adhere to in order to make possible the flourishing of an open society. K. Popper is the founder of the philosophical concept of critical rationalism. He described his position as follows: “I may be wrong, and you may be right; make an effort, and we may get closer to the truth.”

Carneades - Greek philosopher, founder of the new, or third, Academy. Came to Athens in 185/180 BC. e. Studied dialectics. His mentor in this area was the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon. Later, Carneades moved to the position of the skeptical Academy. He developed extreme skepticism and denied knowledge and the possibility of definitive proof. As the first theorist of the concept of probability, he distinguishes its three degrees: ideas are probable only for the one who adheres to them; representations are probable and not disputed by those concerned; the ideas are absolutely indisputable. As part of the famous Athenian embassy, ​​together with the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon and the Peripatetic Critolaus, he visited Rome in 155 BC. e. Carneades expressed his philosophical views orally, so the content of his views was preserved in the works of other thinkers - Cicero, Eusebius. Also, the popularization of Carneades' skepticism was facilitated by the literary activities of his students - Clitomachus, Charmad, many of whose works have not survived, but there are numerous references to them.

Galen - Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made significant contributions to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic. The common spelling of the name as Claudius Galen appears only in the Renaissance and is not recorded in manuscripts; it is believed that this is an erroneous transcription of the abbreviation Cl. The son of a wealthy architect, Galen received an excellent education, traveled widely, and collected a lot of medical information. Having settled in Rome, he healed the Roman nobility, eventually becoming the personal physician of several Roman emperors. His theories dominated European medicine for 1300 years. His anatomy, based on the dissection of monkeys and pigs, was used until Andreas Vesalius's work “On the Structure of the Human Body” appeared in 1543, his theory of blood circulation existed until 1628, when William Harvey published his work “An Anatomical Study on the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals” ", in which he described the role of the heart in blood circulation. Medical students studied Galen up to and including the 19th century. His theory that the brain controls movement through the nervous system is still relevant today.

Confucius is an ancient thinker and philosopher of China. His teachings had a profound influence on life in China and East Asia, becoming the basis of the philosophical system known as Confucianism. His real name is Kun Qiu, but in literature he is often called Kun Tzu, Kung Fu Tzu or simply Tzu - “Teacher”. Already at the age of just over 20 years, he became famous as the first professional teacher in the Celestial Empire. Before the victory of Legalism, the school of Confucius was only one of many trends in the intellectual life of the Warring States, in the period known as the Hundred Schools. And only after the fall of Qin, the revived Confucianism achieved the status of state ideology, which remained until the beginning of the 20th century, only temporarily giving way to Buddhism and Taoism. This naturally led to the exaltation of the figure of Confucius and even his inclusion in the religious pantheon.

Lao Tzu (Old Child, Wise Old Man) - ancient Chinese philosopher of the 6th-5th centuries BC. e., who is credited with the authorship of the classic Taoist philosophical treatise “Tao Te Ching”. Within the framework of modern historical science The historicity of Laozi is questioned, however, scientific literature he is often still identified as the founder of Taoism. In the religious and philosophical teachings of most Taoist schools, Lao Tzu is traditionally revered as a deity - one of the Three Pure Ones.

Lev Evdokimovich Balashov is a Russian philosopher, professor at the Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering, and also teaches at the Russian Economic Academy. G. V. Plekhanova, candidate of philosophical sciences. graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1969, where he defended his thesis on the topic “Cognitive and practical functions of the category “quality””, prepared for defense doctoral dissertation on the topic “Categorical picture of the world.”

Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Seneca the Younger or simply Seneca, was a Roman Stoic philosopher, poet and statesman. Nero's tutor and one of the leading exponents of Stoicism. Son of Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder and Helvia. Younger brother Junia Gallione. He belonged to the class of horsemen.

Ludwig Joseph Johann Wittgenstein is an Austrian philosopher and logician, a representative of analytical philosophy and one of the most brilliant thinkers of the 20th century. He put forward a program for constructing an artificial “ideal” language, the prototype of which is the language of mathematical logic. Philosophy was understood as “criticism of language.” He developed the doctrine of logical atomism, which is a projection of the structure of knowledge onto the structure of the world.

Marcus Porcius Cato is an ancient Roman politician, great-grandson of Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder. Legate in 67 BC. e., military tribune in 67-66 BC. e., quaestor in 64 BC. e., plebeian tribune in 62 BC. e., quaestor with the powers of propraetor in 58-56 BC. e., praetor in 54 BC. e. He remained the informal political and ideological leader of the majority in the Roman Senate from the late 60s BC. e. and until the very civil war Pompey and Caesar. For his contemporaries, he was best known as a model of strict morals, a supporter of republican ideas, the leader of the aristocracy in the Senate, a principled opponent of Caesar and a prominent Stoic philosopher. After committing suicide in Utica, besieged by Caesar, he became a symbol of the defenders of the republican system.

Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, who went down in history as the Marquis de Sade, was a French aristocrat, writer and philosopher. He was a preacher of absolute freedom, which would not be limited by morality, religion, or law. He considered the satisfaction of the aspirations of the individual to be the main value of life. After his name, sexual satisfaction obtained by causing pain and/or humiliation to another person was called “sadism.”

Martin Heidegger is a German philosopher. He created the doctrine of Being as a fundamental and indefinable, but all-participating element of the universe. The Call of Being can be heard on the paths of purifying personal existence from the depersonalizing illusions of everyday life or on the paths of comprehending the essence of language. He is also known for the peculiar poetry of his texts and the use of dialect German language in serious work.

Michel Paul Foucault is a French philosopher, cultural theorist and historian. He created the first department of psychoanalysis in France, was a teacher of psychology at the École Normale Supérieure and at the University of Lille, and headed the department of history of systems of thought at the College de France. He worked in cultural representations of France in Poland, Germany and Sweden. He is one of the most famous representatives of antipsychiatry. Foucault's books about social sciences, medicine, prisons, the problem of madness and sexuality made him one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.

Moshe ben Maimon, called Moses Maimonides, also known as Abu Imran Musa ibn Maymun ibn Abd-Alla al-Qurdubi al-Yahudi / Abu Imran Musa bin Maymun bin Abdullah al-Qurtubi al-Israili, or simply Musa bin Maymun, or Rambam, in Russian literature also known as Moses of Egypt - an outstanding Jewish philosopher and theologian - Talmudist, rabbi, doctor and versatile scientist of his era, codifier of the laws of the Torah. The spiritual leader of religious Jewry both of his generation and of subsequent centuries.

Maurice Polydor Marie Bernard Maeterlinck is a Belgian writer, playwright and philosopher. Wrote on French. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1911. Author of the philosophical play-parable “The Blue Bird”, dedicated to man’s eternal search for the eternal symbol of happiness and knowledge of existence - the Blue Bird. Maeterlinck's works reflect the soul's attempts to achieve understanding and love.

Nick Bostrom is a philosopher and professor at the University of Oxford, known for his work on the anthropic principle. Received a PhD degree from the London School of Economics. In addition to numerous articles for academic and popular publications, Bostrom frequently appears in the media discussing issues related to transhumanism: cloning, artificial intelligence, mind uploading, cryonics, nanotechnology, and simulated reality. In 1998, Bostrom and David Pierce co-founded the World Transhumanist Association. In 2004, he founded the Institute of Ethics and New Technologies with James Hodges. In 2005, he was appointed director of the Future of Humanity Institute established at Oxford.

Niccolo Machiavelli - Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician - held the post of secretary of the second chancellery in Florence, was responsible for diplomatic relations of the republic, and the author of military theoretical works. He was a supporter of strong state power, to strengthen which he allowed the use of any means, which he expressed in the famous work “The Sovereign,” published in 1532.

Nikolai Kuzansky, Nikolai Kuzanets, Cusanus, real name Nikolai Krebs - cardinal, the largest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, scientist, mathematician, church and political figure. Belongs to the first German humanists in the era of transition from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period. Nicholas of Cusa played a major role in church politics, especially in the debate regarding church reform. At the Council of Basel, he initially supported the position of the conciliarists, who demanded restrictions on the powers of the Pope. However, he subsequently switched to the papal side, which eventually prevailed. Possessing diplomatic abilities, he skillfully promoted the interests of the Pope and had a brilliant career as a cardinal, papal legate, prince-bishop of Brixen and vicar general of the Papal States. In Brixen he encountered strong opposition from the local aristocracy and authorities, which he was unable to resist. As a philosopher, Nikolai Kuzansky stood on the position of Neoplatonism, the ideas of which he drew from both ancient and medieval sources. The basis of his philosophy was the concept of the union of opposites in the One, where all visible contradictions between the incompatible are resolved. Metaphysically and theologically, he believed that God is One. In the field of theory of state and politics, he also professed the idea of ​​unity. He considered the most important goal to be the widest possible embodiment of peace and harmony, despite objective differences of opinion. In his philosophy, he developed an idea of ​​religious tolerance that was unusual for his time. Actively discussing Islam, he recognized this religion as having some truth and right to exist.

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, political essayist, philosopher and theorist. Institute Professor of Linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of a classification of formal languages ​​called the Chomsky hierarchy.

Giyasaddin Abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapuri - Persian poet, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer. Omar Khayyam is famous all over the world for his rubaiyat quatrains. In algebra, he constructed a classification of cubic equations and gave their solutions using conic sections. In Iran, Omar Khayyam is also known for creating a more accurate calendar than the European one, which has been officially used since the 11th century.

Chandra Mohan Jain, better known as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh since the early seventies, and later as Osho, is an Indian spiritual leader and mystic, classified by some researchers as neo-Hinduism, the inspirer of the neo-Orientalist and religious-cultural Rajneesh movement. A preacher of a new sannyasa, expressed in immersion in the world without attachment to it, life affirmation, renunciation of the ego and meditation and leading to total liberation and enlightenment. Criticism of socialism, Mahatma Gandhi and traditional religions made Osho a controversial figure during his lifetime. In addition, he defended the freedom of sexual relations, in some cases he organized sexual meditation practices, for which he earned the nickname “sex guru.” Some researchers call him the “guru of scandals.”

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev is a Russian philosopher and publicist, declared crazy by the government for his writings, in which he sharply criticized the reality of Russian life. His works were banned from publication in imperial Russia. In 1829-1831 he created his main work - “Philosophical Letters”. The publication of the first of them in the Telescope magazine in 1836 caused sharp discontent of the authorities due to the bitter indignation expressed in it about Russia’s exclusion from the “worldwide education of the human race”, spiritual stagnation, impeding the fulfillment of the historical mission destined from above. The magazine was closed, the publisher Nadezhdin was exiled, and Chaadaev was declared crazy.

Plato (ancient Greek Πλάτων, between 429 and 427 BC, Athens - 347 BC, ibid.) - ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle. Plato is the first philosopher whose writings have been preserved not in short passages quoted by others, but in their entirety.

Prodicus from Iulida on the island of Keos is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists of the time of Socrates, a younger contemporary of Protagoras. He arrived in Athens as an ambassador from the island of Keos, and became famous as an orator and teacher. Plato treats him with greater respect than other sophists, and in some of the dialogues of Plato's Socrates his friend Prodicus appears. Prodicus places great importance on linguistics and ethics in his curriculum. The content of one of his speeches, “Hercules at the Crossroads,” is still known. He also presented a theory of the origin of religion.

Protagoras is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists. He gained fame through his teaching activities during his many years of wanderings. While in Athens, among others, he communicated with Pericles and Euripides.

Pierre Bourdieu - French sociologist and philosopher, one of the most influential sociologists of the second half of the twentieth century: 358: 319. His sociology is highly regarded for both theory and empirical research:

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - French philosopher and theologian, Jesuit priest, one of the creators of the theory of the noosphere. He made significant contributions to paleontology, anthropology, philosophy and Catholic theology; created a kind of synthesis of Catholic Christian tradition And modern theory cosmic evolution. He left behind neither a school nor direct students, but founded a new movement in science - Teilhardism.

Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron is an outstanding French philosopher, political scientist, sociologist and publicist, the founder of critical philosophy of history, one of the creators and main theorists of the concept of de-ideologization, as well as the theories of “mondialization” and a unified industrial society. Liberal. He believed that the state is obliged to create laws that ensure freedom, pluralism and equality for citizens, and also to ensure their implementation. Winner of the Alexis Tocqueville Prize for Humanism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson - American essayist, poet, philosopher, pastor, social activist; one of the most prominent thinkers and writers in the United States. In his essay “Nature,” he was the first to express and formulate the philosophy of transcendentalism.

Robert Maynard Pirsig is an American writer and philosopher, best known as the author of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974), which has sold more than five million copies worldwide.

Socrates is an ancient Greek philosopher, whose teaching marks a turn in philosophy - from consideration of nature and the world to consideration of man. His work is a turning point ancient philosophy. With his method of analyzing concepts and identifying the positive qualities of a person with his knowledge, he directed the attention of philosophers to important human personality. Socrates is called the first philosopher in the proper sense of the word. In the person of Socrates, philosophizing thought first turns to itself, exploring its own principles and techniques. Representatives of the Greek branch of patristics drew direct analogies between Socrates and Christ. Socrates was the son of the stonemason Sophroniscus and the midwife Phenareta, and he had a maternal brother, Patroclus. He was married to a woman named Xanthippe. “Socrates’ interlocutors sought his company not in order to become orators..., but in order to become noble people and fulfill their duties well towards their family, servants, relatives, friends, the Fatherland, and fellow citizens.” Socrates believed that noble people would be able to rule the state without the participation of philosophers, but in defending the truth, he was often forced to take an active part in the public life of Athens. He took part in the Peloponnesian War - he fought at Potidaea, at Delia, at Amphipolis. He defended the strategists condemned to death from the unfair trial of the demos, including the son of his friends Pericles and Aspasia. He was the mentor of the Athenian politician and commander Alcibiades, saved his life in battle, but refused to accept Alcibiades’ love in gratitude, because he considered physical love only a consequence of the inability to restrain the impulses of the base side of the human soul.

Thomas Hobbes is an English materialist philosopher, one of the founders of the theory of social contract and the theory of state sovereignty. Known for ideas that have gained currency in disciplines such as ethics, theology, physics, geometry and history.

Francesco Guicciardini is an outstanding Italian political thinker and historian of the High Renaissance. Coming from a wealthy and noble family, Guicciardini studied at the universities of Ferrara and Padua. A younger contemporary of Machiavelli, in his youth he turned to studying the past of his native city - Florence. In the History of Florence, he outlined the events from the Ciompi uprising of 1378 until 1509, when this work was written, published only in 1859. Guicciardini carefully analyzed evolution political system- from the Popolan democracy to the tyranny of the Medici - coming to the conclusion that the optimal form of government for Florence would be an oligarchy, “the rule of the best.” Political preferences did not prevent him, however, from accurately assessing the hidden springs state life of the Florentine Republic, to see behind the changes in the structure of power the struggle of selfish interests of individual groups and influential persons from the social elite. Unlike Machiavelli, his friend, whom he, however, often criticized, Guicciardini was not inclined to justify the system of autocracy under any circumstances - he remained faithful to republican principles, albeit of an aristocratic overtones, in his other works, in particular in the dialogue “ On the government of Florence."

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche - German thinker, classical philologist, composer, creator of an original philosophical teaching, which is emphatically non-academic in nature and partly for this reason is widespread, going far beyond the scientific and philosophical community. Nietzsche's fundamental concept includes special criteria for assessing reality, which called into question the basic principles of existing forms of morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and were subsequently reflected in the philosophy of life. Being presented in an aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's works do not lend themselves to unambiguous interpretation and cause a lot of controversy.

Francis Bacon; January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626 - English philosopher, historian, politician, founder of empiricism. In 1584, at the age of 23, he was elected to parliament. From 1617 Lord Privy Seal, then Lord Chancellor; Baron of Verulam and Viscount of St. Albany. In 1621 he was put on trial on charges of bribery, convicted and removed from all positions. He was later pardoned by the king, but did not return to public service and last years devoted his life to scientific and literary work. Bacon began his professional activity as a lawyer, but later became widely known as a lawyer-philosopher and defender of the scientific revolution. His works are the foundation and popularization of inductive methodology scientific research, often called Bacon's method. Induction gains knowledge from the world around us through experiment, observation, and testing hypotheses. In the context of their time, such methods were used by alchemists. Bacon outlined his approach to the problems of science in the treatise “New Organon”, published in 1620. In this treatise, he proclaimed the goal of science to be an increase in human power over nature, which he defined as soulless material, the purpose of which is to be used by man.

Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj - Indian guru, teacher of Advaita, belonged to the line of succession of the Navnath Sampradaya. As one of the exponents of the 20th century school of non-duality metaphysics, Sri Nisargadatta, with his straightforward and minimalist explanation of non-duality, is considered the most famous Advaita teacher to live after Ramana Maharshi. In 1973, his most famous and widely translated book, I Am That, a translation of Nisargadatta's discourses into English language brought him worldwide recognition and followers. Some of Nisargadatta's most famous students are Ramesh Balsekar and psychologist Stephen Wolinsky.

Emmanuel Mounier is a French personalist philosopher. In 1924–1927 he received a philosophical education at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne. Then he taught philosophy in lyceums. From 1932 until his death he published the magazine “Esprit” (in 1941–1944 the magazine was banned by the occupation authorities). Member of the Resistance movement.

Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury - English philosopher, writer and politician, educator. Third Earl of Shaftesbury. Author of works collected in three volumes, “Characteristics of People, Morals, Opinions, Times,” devoted to ethical, aesthetic, religious and political problems.

Epictetus (ancient Greek Έπίκτητος; ca. 50, Hierapolis, Phrygia - 138, Nicopolis, Epirus) - ancient Greek philosopher; a slave in Rome, then a freedman; founded a philosophical school in Nikopol. The lectures of the Stoic Musonius Rufus took place in Rome, among the listeners was Epaphroditus, the master of Epictetus, accompanied by his slave. He preached the ideas of stoicism: the main task of philosophy is to teach us to distinguish between what is within our power to do and what is not. We are not subject to everything outside of us, the physical, the external world. It is not these things themselves, but only our ideas about them that make us happy or unhappy; but our thoughts, aspirations, and therefore our happiness are subject to us. All people are slaves of one God, and a person’s whole life should be in connection with God, which makes a person capable of courageously confronting the vicissitudes of life. Epictetus himself did not write treatises. Excerpts from his teachings, known as the Discourses and the Manual, are preserved in the writings of his student Arrian. The latter text was especially popular: it was translated into Latin and was repeatedly commented on by philosophers and theologians.

Epicurus (Greek Επίκουρος; 342/341 BC, Samos - 271/270 BC, Athens) - ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Epicureanism in Athens. Of the 300 works Epicurus is believed to have written, only fragments survive. Among the sources of knowledge about this philosopher is the work of Diogenes Laertius “On Life, Teachings and Sayings” famous philosophers" and "On the Nature of Things" by Lucretius Cara.

Yakov Semyonovich Druskin (1901-1980) - Soviet philosopher, writer, mathematician, art historian. Father - Semyon Lvovich Druskin (1869-1934), doctor, Socialist Revolutionary, native of Vilna; mother - Elena Savelyevna Druskina (1872-1963). He was born in Rostov-on-Don, where his father was a practicing doctor and a member of the trusteeship of the Talmud Torah of the Main Synagogue. In 1920-1930 - a member of the esoteric communities of poets, writers and philosophers "Chinari" and OBERIU, author of the famous "Diaries" about the literary life of Russia in the 20-30s. Thanks to him, many works of the “Chinars” and “Oberiuts” were preserved and published. Brother - musicologist Mikhail Semenovich Druskin, sister - Lydia Semenovna Druskina (1911-2005), physicist, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, publisher of most of the posthumous publications of her older brother.

Philosophy is not called wisdom itself, but the love of wisdom.
Augustine

Philosophy is the mother of all sciences.
Cicero

Philosophy is the processing of concepts.
Johann Friedrich Herbart

Philosophy easily wins victories over disasters, both past and future, but present disasters defeat it.
Francois de La Rochefoucauld

The philosophy of one century is the common sense of the next.
Henry Ward Beecher

Philosophy does not provide a picture of reality.
Ludwig Wittgenstein

Philosophy is when you take something so simple that it seems not worth talking about, and you come to something so paradoxical that it is simply impossible to believe in it.
Bertrand Russell

Philosophy: indecipherable answers to insoluble questions.
Henry Brooks Adams

Philosophy, in fact, does not assert anything, but it asserts it in very incomprehensible words.
"Pshekruj"

Philosophy must be effective: its aspiration and goal must be the improvement of man.
Victor Hugo

Philosophy deals with two kinds of problems: solvable ones, which are all trivial, and non-trivial ones, which are all unsolvable.
Stefan Kanfer

Philosophy is the echo of words thrown into the well of meaning.
Sergey Fedin

Philosophy does not produce invaluable results, but the study of philosophy produces invaluable results.
Tadeusz Kotarbiński

The love of wisdom is called philosophy.
Cicero

Philosophies matter as much as philosophers matter. The more greatness there is in a person, the more truth there is in his philosophy.
Albert Camus

The goal of philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts.
Ludwig Wittgenstein

There has never been a philosopher who could patiently endure toothache.
William Shakespeare

Philosophy is not something secondary, but fundamental.
Seneca

Philosophy is the medicine of the soul.
Cicero

According to Plato, man was created for philosophy; According to Bacon, philosophy was created for people.
Thomas Macaulay

O philosophy, leader of life!.. You gave birth to cities, you convened scattered people into the community of life.
Cicero

The philosopher, being a responsible thinker, keeps his distance from both atheism and faith.
Paul Ricoeur

A person has no other reason to philosophize than the desire for bliss.
Aurelius Augustine

All philosophies are ultimately absurd, but some are more absurd than others.
Samuel Butler

The very name of philosophy evokes enough hatred.
Seneca

All philosophers are wise in their maxims and fools in their behavior.
Benjamin Franklin

When the listener does not understand the speaker, and the speaker does not know what he means, this is philosophy.
Voltaire

Philosophers will always have two worlds on which to base their theories: the world of their imagination, where everything is true and everything is not true, and the world of nature, where everything is true and everything is not true.
Antoine de Rivarol

Philosophers say a lot of bad things about clergy, clergy say a lot of bad things about philosophers; but philosophers never killed clergy, and the clergy killed many philosophers.
Denis Diderot

Eternal questions are usually given temporary answers.
Leszek Kumor

Clarity is the politeness of philosophy.
Luc de Vauvenargues

Paradox, not common sense, is a philosophical manifestation.
Gilles Deleuze

Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don’t know.
Bertrand Russell

Minerva's owl flies out only at dusk.
Hegel

Don't cry, don't laugh, but understand.
Benedict Spinoza

Philosophers are superior to other people in that if laws are destroyed, philosophers will still live.
Aristippus

What was philosophy becomes philology.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca - the younger

A philosopher is obliged to doubt, doubt and doubt, and then ask when no one asks, risking becoming the laughing stock of the crowd.
Lev Shestov

Some words, the origin of which had already been forgotten, have turned from servants into masters, and now concepts are being selected for them, suitable content is being found - in order to at least find a home somewhere for these impoverished but proud aristocrats.
Karol Izhikowski

The thoughts of a philosopher are like stars; they do not give light because they are too sublime.
Francis Bacon

A philosophy that can teach a person to be completely happy while experiencing unbearable pain is much more better than that one a philosophy that softens pain... A philosophy that fights greed is much better than a philosophy that develops laws to protect property.
Thomas Macaulay

To mock philosophy is to truly philosophize.
Pascal Blaise

The joke among philosophers is so moderate that it cannot be distinguished from serious reasoning.
Vauvenargues

Philosophy is a modern form of shamelessness.
Albert Camus

Bad philosophers can have a certain influence in society, but good ones never.
Bertrand Russell

At the sight of increasing success road transport the philosopher clutches his burdened forehead in horror and asks himself, not without anxiety: when all our carriages are driven mechanically with the help of steam, gasoline, electricity, compressed air, etc., etc., what will happen then? with horses?<...>I’m afraid that from now on the horse will have no choice but to indulge in drunkenness and a thousand other, even more terrible and repulsive vices.

Aristippus

Philosophers are superior to other people in that if laws are destroyed, philosophers will still live.

Aristotle

This is what philosophy taught me: I act one way or another not on someone’s orders, but only out of fear of the law.

Nikolay Berdyaev

There is a prophetic element in philosophy... A real, called philosopher wants not only knowledge of the world, but also change, improvement, and rebirth of the world. It cannot be otherwise if philosophy is, first of all, a teaching about the meaning of human existence, about human destiny.

One must choose between two philosophies - a philosophy that recognizes the primacy of being over freedom, and a philosophy that recognizes the primacy of freedom over being.

The knowledge of a philosopher inevitably teaches about the ways of realizing meaning. Philosophers have sometimes sunk to crude empiricism and materialism, but a true philosopher has a taste for the otherworldly, for transcending beyond the world; he is not content with this-worldly things. Philosophy has always been a breakthrough from the meaningless, empirical world that coerces and rapes us from all sides to the world of meaning, to the otherworldly world.

Philosophy can exist only if philosophical intuition is recognized. And every significant and genuine philosopher has his own original intuition. Neither the dogmas of religion nor the truths of science can replace this intuition.

Philosophy can have a purifying significance for religion, it can free it from fusion with elements of a non-religious nature, not related to revelation, elements of social origin that perpetuate backward forms of knowledge, as well as backward social forms.

Philosophy is the school of love for truth.

Man cannot be eliminated from philosophy. The knowing philosopher is immersed in being and exists before the knowledge of being and existence, and the quality of his knowledge depends on this. He cognizes being because he himself is being.

The philosophy of each specialty is based on the connection of the latter with other specialties, at the points of contact of which it must be sought.

Pierre Buast

Philosophy cures weaknesses of the heart, but never cures illnesses of the mind.

Francis Bacon

The surface in philosophy inclines the human mind towards atheism, the depth - towards religion.

Vladimir Vernadsky

Every philosophical system certainly reflects the mood of the soul of its creator.

Vauvenargues

Clarity is the politeness of philosophy.

Voltaire

When the listener does not understand the speaker, and the speaker does not know what he means, this is philosophy.

Pierre Gassendi

Since there can be nothing more beautiful... than the achievement of truth, then obviously it is worth pursuing philosophy, which is the search for truth.

Georg Hegel

Courage towards truth is the first condition of philosophical research.

The answer to the questions that philosophy leaves unanswered is that they must be posed differently.

Rene Descartes

Philosophy provides a means of speaking truthfully about all sorts of things and surprising the less knowledgeable.

Philosophy (insofar as it extends to everything accessible to human knowledge) alone distinguishes us from savages and barbarians, and each nation is the more civilized and educated the better it philosophizes; therefore, there is no greater benefit for the state than to have true philosophers.

First of all, I would like to find out what philosophy is. The word "philosophy" signifies the practice of wisdom, and that by wisdom is meant not only prudence in affairs, but also a perfect knowledge of all that a man can know; this same knowledge that guides life, serves the preservation of health, as well as discoveries in all sciences.

Gilles Deleuze

Philosophy is the art of forming, inventing, making concepts.

William James

A philosopher can only be relied upon to do one thing - to criticize other philosophers.

Diogenes of Sinope

Triumph over oneself is the crown of philosophy.

Karl Marx

It’s good if your conscience and your philosophy coexist peacefully with each other.

Boris Krieger

The basic questions of philosophy sound much more interesting than the answers to them.

Modern philosophy is a mockery of man and his never-found happiness.

Philosophers have long forgotten that philosophy is necessary for a person and in itself is of no value if a person cannot, with its help, somehow make his life easier.

Lao Tzu

Tao gives birth to one, one gives birth to two, two gives birth to three, and three gives birth to all things.

From the imperfect comes the whole. From crooked - straight. From deep - smooth. From old - new.

Who knows, doesn't say. Whoever speaks does not know.

The “holy man” who rules the country tries to prevent the wise from daring to do anything. When everyone becomes inactive, then (on earth) there will be complete peace.

That which contracts expands; that which weakens is strengthened; what is destroyed is restored.

Thirty spokes form the wheel of the cart, but only the emptiness between them makes movement possible. They make a jug out of clay, but always use the emptiness of the jug..., they break through doors and windows, but only their emptiness gives the room life and light. And so it is in everything, because what exists is achievement and benefit, but only what does not exist provides the possibility of both benefit and achievement.

Francois VI de La Rochefoucauld

Philosophy triumphs over the sorrows of the past and future, but the sorrows of the present triumph over philosophy.

Georg Lichtenberg

God created man in his own image, the Bible says. Philosophers do the opposite: they create God in their own image.

Henry Mencken

All philosophy essentially boils down to one philosopher trying to prove that all other philosophers are donkeys. Usually he succeeds; Moreover, he convincingly proves that he himself is an ass.

Philosophy almost always tries to prove the incredible by appealing to the incomprehensible.

Michel de Montaigne

Philosophers argue about nothing so passionately and so bitterly as about what is greater good person; according to Varro's calculations, there were two hundred and eighty-eight schools dealing with this issue<...>Some say that our highest good consists in virtue; others - that in pleasure, others - in following nature; some find it in science, some in the absence of suffering, and some in not succumbing to appearances...

Yuri Moroz

Everyone has philosophy, even those who do not know this word.

Andre Maurois

It's hard to come up with ideas and easy to come up with phrases; This explains the success of the philosophers.

Arnold Matthew

The power of a philosopher over the world is not in metaphysical conclusions, but in the higher sense thanks to which he derived these conclusions.

Philosophy is not the handmaiden of theology, and theology is not a science, but a complex of propositions interconnected not by rational consistency, but by the cementing power of faith...

Louis Pasteur

There is more philosophy in a bottle of wine than in all the books in the world.

Francesco Patrizi

Philosophy is the study of wisdom.

Plato

Amazement is the beginning of philosophy.

Of the gods, none is engaged in philosophy and does not want to become wise, since the gods are already wise; and in general, one who is wise does not strive for wisdom. But again, the ignorant also do not engage in philosophy and do not want to become wise.

Pierre Proudhon

Philosophy does not recognize any happiness other than itself; happiness, in turn, does not recognize any philosophy other than itself; Thus, the philosopher is happy, and the happy man considers himself a philosopher.

Bertrand Russell

Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don’t know.

David Risko

Philosophy is the result of a thought from a conversation thought out by the brain...

Erik Satie

One of the stupidest jokes that humanity has ever encountered, I think, resulted in the Great Flood. It is easy to observe the extent to which this joke was obscene and inhumane, even in its era. It is also easy to state that not only did it not prove anything to anyone, but that even world Philosophy did not improve in any way from it.

Lucius Seneca

The science of good and evil alone constitutes the subject of philosophy.

Socrates

As long as I have the breath and the ability, I will not stop philosophizing.

Vladimir Solovyov

To the question what does philosophy do? - we answer: it makes a person - a person.

Oscar Wilde

Philosophy teaches us to be equanimous about the failures of others.

Richard Feynman

The time will come when everything will become known or further search will turn out to be very tedious, and then the heated debates on the main issues of philosophy and physics will naturally fall silent and the concern for a thorough substantiation of all those principles that we discussed in these lectures will disappear. The time will come for the philosophers who always stood on the sidelines making stupid remarks.

Michel Foucault

Philosophy is a set of principles and practices that one can have at one's disposal or make available to others in order to care for oneself and others as one should do.

Martin Heidegger

Philosophy, metaphysics are nostalgia, the desire to be at home everywhere.

Aldous Huxley

Philosophy is the search for dubious reasons to support what you instinctively believe.

Oliver Wendell Holmes (Jr.)

Any two philosophers can tell each other everything they know in two hours.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Culture of the mind is philosophy.

There is no such nonsense that some philosopher has not taught.

O philosophy, leader of life!... You gave birth to cities, you gathered scattered people into the community of life.

Philosophy is the medicine of the soul.

Lev Shestov

The task of philosophy is not to calm people down, but to confuse people.

Philosophy is the knowledge of the true essence of our world, in which we exist and which exists in us - that knowledge of the world in general, the light of which, once perceived, then illuminates everything individual, no matter what everyone encounters in life, and opens its inner meaning.

Epictetus

People are happy to find an excuse for their misdeeds, while philosophy teaches not to extend even a finger without thinking.

Epicurus of Samos

In a philosophical discussion, the loser gains more in the sense that he increases knowledge.

The words of that philosopher are empty, with which no human suffering can be cured. Just as medicine is of no use if it does not expel disease from the body, so is philosophy if it does not expel disease from the soul.

David Hume

Not every person can be a philosopher, just as not every philosopher can remain a person.

author unknown

Truly Great philosopher one who does not abuse philosophy.